“…This section focusses on past analyses which have modeled the spatial and temporal aspects of digital communications infrastructure. All infrastructure assets exist in space and time, therefore are inherently subject to spatio-temporal dynamics (Kasraian, Maat, & van Wee, 2019;Makarchuk & Saxe, 2019;Pacsi, Sanders, Webber, & Allen, 2014;Peer, Garrison, Timms, & Sanders, 2016;Sanders, 2015;Serok, Levy, Havlin, & Blumenfeld-Lieberthal, 2019). As infrastructure is highly durable and becomes a sunk cost in an existing asset portfolio, these assets ultimately become subject to path-dependent lock-in effects, where migration away from a particular technological trajectory becomes costly due to increasing returns to scale (Arthur, 1994).…”