Adult, virgin Holtzman rats, maintained in a 14-hr light/day photoperiod, were transferred during proestrus to an environment of 2 hr light/day or 22 hr light/day. Pseudopregnancy (Day 0= estrus) was induced upon transfer (0 days pre-exposure, 0 estrous cycles) or following short (1 estrous cycle) or long (5 estrous cycles) pre-exposure to an experimental photoperiod. Decidual sensitivity, assessed after surgical traumatization of the uterus, was measured as uterine weight 5 days post trauma. Sensitivity to decidualization in control animals was absent on midnight of Day 2, but developed rapidly to a peak (2000 mg/cornu) during the interval between midnight of Day 3 and noon of Day 4 of pseudopregnancy. A rapid loss of sensitivity occurred afterward. In relation to controls, 0 and 1 cycle of pre-exposure to 2 hr light/day did not significantly alter the time of onset of decidual sensitivity, though a decreased magnitude of response and a slightly earlier regression were noted. Long pre-exposure to 2 hr light/day resulted in a pattern similar to controls, but somewhat delayed. Pre-exposure for 0 cycles to 22 hr light/day caused a shift in pattern such that sensitivity was reduced significantly from the control on Day 3 midnight but not at noon of Day 4. In animals pre-exposed for 1 estrous cycle, the times of onset and peak responsiveness were delayed about 12 hr. Long pre-exposure delayed further the time of onset of sensitivity and in addition hastened its regression. The data suggest that extended daily illumination may limit decidual sensitivity by increasing endogenous estrogen secretion during early progestation in the rat. (Endocrinology 87: 465, 1970)