“…They confirmed the validity of the source manipulation techniques for studying ear photosynthesis in many accessions. Other techniques were proposed for the high throughput phenotyping of photosynthetic organs contributions, such as using the stable carbon isotope (δ 13 C) signatures in the grains dry matter vs. the δ 13 C signatures in other organs (i.e., peduncle, flag, rachis, glumes, and awns), which quantify the different organ photosynthetic contribution to grain filling (Araus et al., 1993; Hafsi et al., 2000; Jia et al., 2015; Jiang et al., 2021; Merah & Monneveux, 2015; Merah et al., 2018; Tambussi et al., 2021). Using the chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence technique was also proposed to indirectly assess the photosynthetic activity of different plant organs (Lu & Lu, 2004; Maydup et al., 2014).…”