Temporal and spatial variability of fecal indicator bacteria in the surf zone off Huntington Beach, CA

Rosenfeld, Leslie K.; McGee, Charles D.; Robertson, George; Noble, Marlene A.; Jones, Burton H.

doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.02.003

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Increased levels of FIB during wetting conditions are consistent with other studies (Desmarais et al, 2002; Ki et al, 2007; Rosenfeld et al, 2006; Santoro and Boehm, 2007; Solo-Gabriele et al, 2000; Yamahara et al, 2007). Mika et al (2009) showed that moisture was the dominant factor controlling E. coli inactivation kinetics in sand.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Water quality, weather and environmental factors associated with fecal indicator organism density in beach sand at two recreational marine beaches

Heaney¹,

Exum²,

Dufour³

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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Recent studies showing an association between fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) in sand and gastrointestinal (GI) illness among beachgoers with sand contact have important public health implications because of the large numbers of people who recreate at beaches and engage in sand contact activities. Yet, factors that influence fecal pollution in beach sand remain unclear. During the 2007 National Epidemiological and Environmental Assessment of Recreational (NEEAR) Water Study, sand samples were collected at three locations (60 m apart) on weekend days (Sat, Sun) and holidays between June and September at two marine beaches — Fairhope Beach, AL and Goddard Beach, RI — with nearby publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs) outfalls. F+ coliphage, enterococci, Bacteroidales, fecal Bacteroides spp., and Clostridium spp. were measured in sand using culture and qPCR-based calibrator-cell equivalent methods. Water samples were also collected on the same days, times and transects as the 144 sand samples and were assayed using the same FIO measurements. Weather and environmental data were collected at the time of sample collection. Mean FIO concentrations in sand varied over time, but not space. Enterococci CFU and CCE densities in sand were not correlated, although other FIOs in sand were. The strongest correlation between FIO density in sand and water was fecal Bacteroides CCE, followed by enterococci CFU, Clostridium spp. CCE, and Bacteroidales CCE. Overall, the factors associated with FIO concentrations in sand were related to the sand–water interface (i.e., sand-wetting) and included daily average densities of FIOs in water, rainfall, and wave height. Targeted monitoring that focuses on daily trends of sand FIO variability, combined with information about specific water quality, weather, and environmental factors may inform beach monitoring and management decisions to reduce microbial burdens in beach sand. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Water quality, weather and environmental factors associated with fecal indicator organism density in beach sand at two recreational marine beaches

Heaney¹,

Exum²,

Dufour³

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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“…The enterococci fortnightly cycle was seen at many of the surf zone stations down coast of the Santa Ana River (Station Zero). This broader spatial range was consistent with the patterns found for the entire set of pre-disinfection enterococci data described in [17]. It appears that an enterococci contamination source tied to the fortnightly cycle was present at most stations in the study region.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The contamination events associated with the summer beach postings and closures along Huntington Beach have occurred at the fortnightly, or spring/neap tidal, cycle [2] [4] [16] [17]. The fortnightly zone (3N -12N) was very distinctive for all three FIBs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and Spatial Patterns for Surf Zone Bacteria Before and After Disinfection of the Orange County Sanitation District Effluent

Robertson

Noble²,

Xu³

et al.

Proceedings of OCEANS 2005 MTS/IEEE

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Data from pre-and post-disinfection fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) samples from final effluent, an offshore ocean outfall, and surf zone stations off Huntington Beach, CA were compared. Analysis of the results from these data sets confirmed that the ocean outfall was not the FIB source responsible for the postings and closures of local beaches that have occurred each summer since 1999. While FIB counts in the final effluent and offshore showed several order of magnitude reductions after disinfection, there were no significant reductions at the nearby surf zone stations. Additionally, the FIB spectral patterns suggest different sources. The dominant fortnightly cycle suggested that the source was related to the wetting and draining of the land from large spring tide tidal excursions

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“…For one episode in October 2006, Omand et al (2011 documented the shoreward propagation of a chlorophyll a patch with internal waves and its surfacing just outside surf zone at Huntington Beach due to internal wave breaking. Rosenfeld et al (2006) used low nearshore temperatures as a proxy for the presence of internal waves and compared it with historical water quality monitoring data at daily or lower frequency intervals at Huntington Beach. They found no connection between fecal pollution in the surf zone and internal tides from their data set in June-October 2001.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupled physical, chemical, and microbiological measurements suggest a connection between internal waves and surf zone water quality in the Southern California Bight

Wong

Santoro

Nidzieko

et al. 2012

Continental Shelf Research

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Internal waves have been implicated in the cross-shore transport of scalars such as larvae, nutrients, and pollutants at locations around the world. The present study combines physical measurements with a comprehensive set of surf zone water quality measurements to evaluate the possible impact of cross-shore internal wave transport on surf zone water quality during two study periods. An array of oceanographic moorings was deployed in the summer of 2005 and 2006 at 10-20 m depth offshore of the beach to observe internal waves. Concurrently, surf zone water quality was assessed twice daily at night at an adjacent station (Huntington State Beach) by measuring concentration of phosphate, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), silicate, chlorophyll a, fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), and the human-specific fecal DNA marker in Bacteroidales. The baroclinic component accounted for about 30% of the total variance in water column velocity, indicating the importance of density-driven flow during the summer when the water column was stratified. Arrival of cold subthermocline water in the very nearshore (within 1 km of the surf zone) was characterized by strong baroclinic onshore flow near the bottom of the water column. The near bottom, baroclinic, cross-shore current was significantly lag-correlated with the near bottom temperature data along a cross-shore transect towards shore, demonstrating shoreward transport of cold subthermocline water. Wavelet analysis of temperature data showed that non-stationary temperature fluctuations were correlated with buoyancy frequency and the near bottom cross-shore baroclinic current. During periods of large temperature fluctuations, the majority of the variance was within the semi-diurnal band; however, the diurnal and high frequency bands also contained a substantial fraction of total variance. The bottom cross-shore baroclinic current was proposed as a proxy for shoreward transport potential by internal waves and was positively correlated with phosphate concentration in both years, silicate in 2005, and fecal indicator bacteria measurements in 2006. The results suggest internal waves are an important transport mechanism of nutrient-rich subthermocline water to the very nearshore in the Southern California Bight, and may facilitate the transport of FIB into the surf zone or enhance persistence of land-derived FIB.

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Temporal and spatial variability of fecal indicator bacteria in the surf zone off Huntington Beach, CA

Cited by 26 publications

References 16 publications

Water quality, weather and environmental factors associated with fecal indicator organism density in beach sand at two recreational marine beaches

Water quality, weather and environmental factors associated with fecal indicator organism density in beach sand at two recreational marine beaches

Temporal and Spatial Patterns for Surf Zone Bacteria Before and After Disinfection of the Orange County Sanitation District Effluent

Coupled physical, chemical, and microbiological measurements suggest a connection between internal waves and surf zone water quality in the Southern California Bight

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