Temporal and spatial variability of instream indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli) and implications for water quality monitoring

Crosby, Sarah C.; Spiller, Nicole C.; Tietz, Kasey E.; Cooper, Joshua R.; Fraboni, Peter J.

doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7930-1

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Conversely, the dilution of local effects when data are aggregated to coarser scales is well-established (55, 57). For example, a study of spatial autocorrelation in E. coli levels in the Norwalk River, CT, USA found that signals from point sources were rapidly diluted as water moved downstream, with E. coli levels being ≥90% lower 1,000 m downstream of a potential source than at the source (36). Based on the effective ranges (the distance at which E. coli levels became spatially independent) in the present study, the distance at which dilution occurred varied substantially between waterways and across scales of analysis (again increasing with increasing scale), but was consistently below the 1,000 m reported previously (36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scale of analysis drives the observed ratio of spatial to non-spatial variance in microbial water quality: insights from two decades of citizen science data

Weller

Strawn

et al. 2022

Preprint

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While fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) testing is used to monitor surface waters for potential health hazards, recent studies report substantial variation in FIB levels and that observed variation appeared dependent on scale of analysis (SOA). Citizen science data and random effects models were used to quantify variance in FIB levels attributable to spatial versus temporal factors. Separately, Bayesian models were used to quantify the ratio of spatial to nonspatial variance in FIB levels, and identify associations between environmental factors and FIB levels. Separate analyses were performed for each stream, lake, and watershed as well as at the state-level (three SOAs). As SOA increased (from waterway to watershed to statewide models), variance attributable to spatial sources generally increased and variance attributable to temporal sources generally decreased. While relationships between FIB levels and environmental factors, such as flow conditions, were constant across SOA, the effect of land cover was both highly dependent on SOA and consistently smaller than the effect of outfalls. This study demonstrates the importance of scale when designing monitoring programs or using FIB monitoring to inform management. Moreover, these data represent a comprehensive survey of water quality in Upstate NY, and the study highlights a valuable publicly available database.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many surveys have reported considerable variability in FIB and sediment levels over space and time (e.g., (13,(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)). For example, Rafi et al (34) found that E. coli levels, and their relationship with watershed size and stream order, varied among three US ecoregions along an East-West gradient (34).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scale of analysis drives the observed ratio of spatial to non-spatial variance in microbial water quality: insights from two decades of citizen science data

Weller

Strawn

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…This matter will be further discussed below. It is in this context noteworthy that Crosby et al ( 2019 ), although over 1900 samples were collected and analyzed between 2007 to 2017, infrequently found elevated bacterial counts during weekly and monthly monitoring. On finer spatial scales, the authors found that less than 25% of the original source concentration was detected at 10 m downstream and less than 10% by 1 km downstream a point source, suggesting that both high density of sampling sites and high frequency sampling may be needed to detect potential sources.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Hence, the source of E. coli could be sufficiently far away from the sampling location to allow for complete mixing across the river section. In their investigation of the Norwalk river (Connecticut), Crosby et al ( 2019 ) also found minimal fluctuations of the bacterial concentrations at the sub-hourly and hourly timescales at each sampling point. The author’s conclusion that sampling from either side of the river results in comparable detection likelihoods was, however, not fully supported by our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Precipitation and number of tourists at the mountain stations are key drivers that influence the retention time in the infiltration bed. Studies from the Norwalk river in Connecticut, USA (Crosby et al, 2019 ) and Göta älv river, Southwestern Sweden (Tornevi et al, 2014 ) both illustrate a significant positive relationship between the levels of fecal pollution indicators (such as E. coli ) and precipitation. Studies carried out in rivers, creeks and estuaries in western Australia (Masters et al, 2011 ) and at beach sites in the Oslo fjord, Norway (Eregno et al, 2018 ) also showed strong links between precipitation and elevated levels of E. coli in the water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fecal indicator organisms in northern oligotrophic rivers: An explorative study on Escherichia coli prevalence in a mountain region with intense tourism and reindeer herding

Maes

Odlare

Jönsson

2022

Environ Monit Assess

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Increasing pollution levels in waters from remote mountain areas in northern Sweden have been observed. To support a sustainable water quality management, it is necessary to know which environmental and antrophogenic factors influence the water quality. The purpose of this study was to map the Escherichia coli prevalence in the catchment area of the upper part of a large northern Scandinavian river and investigate the controlling factors of microbial contamination. A total of 112 water samples were collected from various locations in the research area between July 2020 and December 2020. These samples were analyzed for microbial and chemical characteristics, and information about tourism and reindeer herding was compiled. Additionally, microbial and physicochemical water characteristics collected by Indalsälven Water Conservation Association (IWCA, 1993–2020) and Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI, 2004–2020) were analyzed. The results showed that E. coli enumerations ranged between 0 and 500 CFU/100 ml. There was generally no obvious relation between suspected point sources, e.g., sewage treatment plants at mountain stations, and E. coli levels at downstream sampling points. Principal component analysis showed that E. coli was correlated to coliforms, total heterotrophic count, river discharge, CODMn and river color. Since microbial analyses are time-consuming, expensive and difficult to perform in remote areas, it is important to find more easily extracted water parameters that can serve as a proxy for E. coli. In particular, river color and discharge are promising parameters that may serve as an early indication of bacterial outbreak and fecal contamination in mountain waters.

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Synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles by double emulsion and pH-driven: encapsulation of antibiotics and natural products for combating Escherichia coli infections

de Almeida Campos,

de Souza,

de Queiroz Macêdo

et al. 2024

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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The design, development, and obtaining of nanostructured materials, such as polymeric nanoparticles, have garnered interest due to loading therapeutic agents and its broad applicability. Polymeric nanoparticle synthesis employs advanced techniques such as the double emulsion approach and the pH-driven method, allowing the efficient incorporation of active compounds into these matrices. These loading methods ensure compound stability within the polymeric structure and enable control of the release of therapeutic agents. The ability of loaded polymeric nanoparticles to transport and release therapeutic agents on target manner represents a significant advancement in the quest for effective therapeutic solutions. Amid escalating concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance, interventions using polymeric nanostructures stand out for the possibility of carrying antimicrobial agents and enhancing antibacterial action against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making a new therapeutic approach or complement to conventional treatments. In this sense, the capability of these polymeric nanoparticles to act against Escherichia coli underscores their relevance in controlling bacterial infections. This mini-review provides a comprehensive synthesis of promising techniques for loading therapeutic agents into polymeric nanoparticles highlighting methodologies and their implications, addressing prospects of combating bacterial infections caused by E. coli. Key points • The double emulsion method provides control over size and release of bioactives. • The pH-driven method improves the solubility, stability, and release of active. • The methods increase the antibacterial action of those encapsulated in PNPs. Graphical abstract

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Temporal and spatial variability of instream indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli) and implications for water quality monitoring

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Scale of analysis drives the observed ratio of spatial to non-spatial variance in microbial water quality: insights from two decades of citizen science data

Scale of analysis drives the observed ratio of spatial to non-spatial variance in microbial water quality: insights from two decades of citizen science data

Fecal indicator organisms in northern oligotrophic rivers: An explorative study on Escherichia coli prevalence in a mountain region with intense tourism and reindeer herding

Synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles by double emulsion and pH-driven: encapsulation of antibiotics and natural products for combating Escherichia coli infections

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