Temporal and spatial changes of quinolinic acid immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemia

The Kynurenine Pathway in the Acute and Chronic Phases of Cerebral Ischemia

“…Supporting this, after global ischemia in gerbils, most QUIN is detected in microglial and infiltrated macrophages [113]. Different studies after stroke have focused their attention in evaluating KYNA levels and enzymes related to KYNA production [101,114], without detecting any change in the endogenous levels of KYNA and the activity of its biosynthetic enzymes.…”

The role of kynurenines in disorders of the central nervous system: Possibilities for neuroprotection

“…The role of IDO has also been postulated in the postischaemic cell death related to macrophages and microglial cells [68]. This theory is supported by the findings of Barratte et al [69], where microglia-like cells were found to be a source of QUIN in the ischaemic hippocampus of the gerbil. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β potentiates the neurotoxic effect of QUIN in the rat [70], pointing to a close relationship between immunological and neurotoxic effects.…”

Inhibition of increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity exacerbates neuronal cell death in various CNS disorders

“…Human microglia also synthesize large amounts of QUIN when stimulated with interferon-γ [57]. Indeed, a previous study demonstrated that the presence of macrophage infiltrates in the hippocampus and other brain regions parallels the extent of these biochemical changes [11], and QUIN-positive microglia were presented in the brain at 4 and 7 days following transient global ischemia in the gerbil [58]. Furthermore, IDO was expressed in microglia/ macrophages and that expression regulates autoimmune inflammation during EAE [21].…”