Temporal and spatial changes in the provision of mental health care during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: a claims-based cohort study on patients with severe mental disorders

Abstract

Purpose Major lockdowns were imposed in Germany from March until May 2020 and from December 2020 until May 2021. We studied the influence of these lockdowns, the strain on intensive care units and the strictness of COVID-19-related containment strategies on the utilization of mental health care among patients with severe mental disorders. Methods We used health insurance claims data to identify n = 736,972 patients with severe mental disorders shortly before the pandemic and n = 735,816 patients a year earlier. We applied entropy balancing to adjust for baseline differences by district. For a 12-month follow-up, we modeled monthly changes in utilization through meta-analytic models using both the COVID-19 stringency index and intensive care unit cases per 100,000 inhabitants as predictors. Our outcomes were changes in psychiatric hospital days and time treated by outpatient psychiatrists. Results Psychiatric hospital days declined by at least 7.7% in all calender month during the pandemic. Peak reduction rates were observed in April (− 27.9%), May (− 22.3%) 2020 and January 2021 (− 18.3%). Utilization changes were associated with the stringency index and the second lockdown. Time treated by psychiatrists was shorter in April (− 16.2%) and May (− 11.5%) 2020 and in January 2021 (− 10.5%), which was partially offset by higher utilization in June and September 2020. These utilization changes were associated with the stringency index and the strain on intensive care units during both lockdowns. Conclusion Hospitals did not maintain the level of utilization during the pandemic, while outpatient psychiatrists adapted more quickly, presumably due to digital and telemedical care.