“…The phenomenon of conditioning originally referred to protection induced by preexposure to moderate-level (nontraumatic) sound (Canlon et al, 1988; Campo et al, 1991; Ryan et al, 1994; Niu and Canlon, 2002), but a variety of stimuli have been found to induce conditioning, including restraint stress (Wang and Liberman, 2002; Tahera et al, 2006b), heat stress (Yoshida et al, 1999), sham surgery (Kujawa and Liberman, 1997), corticosteroids (Takemura et al, 2004; Tabuchi et al, 2006; Tahera et al, 2006b), kanamycin (Fernandez et al, 2010), and hypoxia (Gagnon et al, 2007). Indeed, Wang and Liberman (2002) suggested that it is the stress that results from exposure to the acoustic conditioning procedure, rather than the acoustic signal itself, that may underlie the protection.…”