Templated Synthesis for Nanostructured Materials

Abstract

Nanostructured solids with controlled porosities and morphologies are important for catalysis, separation, optics, electronics, energy storage, drug delivery, and so on. In order to design nanostructured solids, templated synthesis, using various molecules, molecular assemblies, and porous materials as templates, has been developed. In this chapter, preparative methods for nanostructured solids by templating are reviewed. In typical cases, metal cations are used for the structural control of metal oxides with various frameworks. Organic molecules are used as templates of microporous materials such as zeolites. Assemblies of surfactants or block copolymers are used as templates of mesoporous materials. Colloidal crystals consisting of latex particles or colloidal silica are used as templates of three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous materials. Emulsions, solvent droplets, ice, and biominerals are also used as templates of macroporous materials. These processes are classified according to templates, framework components, solidification methods, and removal methods of templates. Morphologies are also controlled as particles, rods or nanowires, and films by the deposition of materials in shaped nanospace or by sol–gel methods. These methods are combined for the control of hierarchical structures containing pores with different scales and/or controlled morphologies. Nanostructured materials are applied as catalysts, catalyst supports, photocatalysts, separation media, optical materials, secondary batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and so on. Templated synthesis is quite useful to control nanostructures, morphologies, and functions of solid‐state materials.

Oriented Halide Perovskite Nanostructures and Thin Films for Optoelectronics

“…Template-confined/directed growth of nanostructures has been an advanced technology since the 1990s . Templates can be either hard, such as anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) and molecular sieves, or soft, such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and Pluronic P123.…”

“…Template-confined/directed growth of nanostructures has been an advanced technology since the 1990s. 90 Templates can be either hard, such as anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) and molecular sieves, or soft, such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and Pluronic P123. Template methods have many advantages that facilitate operation, scale-up, and reproducibility and are not sensitive to the preparation conditions.…”

Electrochemistry of Thin Films and Nanostructured Materials

“…A separate group of methods used for the synthesis of various nanostructured materials is a template-assisted synthesis, which was recently found to be an elegant, inexpensive, and relatively simple approach [ 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ]. These methods use a variety of templates, including stepped templates (silicon, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite-HOPG), soft templates (surfactants, reverse micelles, colloids, polymers), nanoporous templates (mica, silicon, track-etched polymers, anodic aluminum oxide-AAO, block copolymers), and biotemplates (crystalline surface layers of bacterial cells, ferritin and ferritin-like protein cages, various biomolecules with a linear morphology such as DNA, viruses, microtubules, and lipid nanotubes).…”