Templated polypyrrole electro-polymerization: Self-assembled bundles of bilayer membranes of amphiphiles and their actuation behavior

Nanostructural Aspects of Conducting‐Polymer Actuators

“…These nanowire actuators were able to lengthen by around 3%, with the prospect of nanoscale bilayers being constructed to produce a larger angular movement [6]. Bundles of PPy bilayer membranes have been formed using an amphiphilic templating method [7]. The amphiphile chosen for this work formed supramolecular hydrogels with pyrrole in aqueous solutions, which acted as templates during PPy electropolymerization, leading to highly porous films (Figure 15.7).…”

“…This has opened up the possibility of the development of a new class of polymer-based, large strain, artificial muscles, to stand alongside other prospective materials, such as dielectric elastomers, shape-memory alloys, and carbon nanotube fibers [1]. Advantages of conducting polymers over more established actuator technologies, such as piezoelectric polymers, are seen in their low operation voltages, high work densities per cycle, and force generation capabilities, but with limitations seen in cycle life and energy conversion efficiencies [2].However, a complete picture of the volume changes at work in conducting polymers has yet to be determined [3], and it is widely recognized that an understanding and better exploitation of nanostructural aspects of conducting-polymer actuators will be necessary to improve their performance as required for practical applications [4][5][6][7]. In this chapter we will outline the main mechanisms of actuation which have been investigated for conducting-polymer actuators, along with recent research to model actuator performance and develop applications.…”

“…However, a complete picture of the volume changes at work in conducting polymers has yet to be determined [3], and it is widely recognized that an understanding and better exploitation of nanostructural aspects of conducting-polymer actuators will be necessary to improve their performance as required for practical applications [4][5][6][7]. In this chapter we will outline the main mechanisms of actuation which have been investigated for conducting-polymer actuators, along with recent research to model actuator performance and develop applications.…”

Electrosynthsis of large polypyrrole films by multi-potential steps method

“…Simple CPs, such as polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANi), and polythiophene(PT), can be prepared either chemically or electrochemically [4]. Besides the relative high conductivity in oxidized and ion-doped states, CPs have found their potential applications in sensor and actuator, supercapacitor, electromagnetic shielding, corrosion protection, as well as in electronic, electroluminescence, and electrochromic devices [5,6]. Among these CPs, PPy has been extensively studied because of its very high conductivity in the doped state and easy chemical or electrochemical polymerization, which make it a good candidate for many applications, e.g., sensor, biosensor, modified electrodes, actuators, and electronic devices [7].…”

The actuation behavior and stability of p‐toluene sulfonate doped polypyrrole films formed at different deposition current densities

“…Okamoto reported that PPy/pTS cylindrical films prepared in a Teflon pipe could show bending behavior. 18 Kagawa et al 19 reported PPy/pTS films prepared by using an amphiphilic template which displayed superior electroactivity and ion diffusion and higher actuation strain compared with typical polypyrrole. Recently, Ochoteco et al 20 reported a simplified bilayer actuator assembled using PPy/ pTS and PPy/ClO 4 , which showed no evidence of delamination after multiple cycles.…”