Template for 3D Printing a Low-Temperature Plasma Probe

The response to injury represents an important strategy for animals and plants to survive mechanical damage and predation. Plants respond to injury by activating a defense response that includes the production of an important variety of compounds that help them withstand predator attack and recover from mechanical injury (MI). Similarly, the filamentous fungusTrichoderma atrovirideresponds to MI by strongly modifying its transcriptional profile and producing asexual reproduction structures (conidia). Here, we analyzed whether the response to MI inT. atrovirideis related to a possible predator defense mechanism from a metabolic perspective. We found that the production of specific groups of secondary metabolites increases in response to MI but is reduced after fungivory byDrosophila melanogasterlarvae. We further show that fungivory results in repression of the expression of genes putatively involved in the regulation of secondary metabolite production inT. atroviride. Activation of secondary metabolite production appears to depend on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Tmk3. Interestingly,D. melanogasterlarvae preferred to feed on atmk3gene replacement mutant rather than on the wild-type strain. Consumption of the mutant strain, however, resulted in increased larval mortality.IMPORTANCEFungi, like other organisms, have natural predators, including fungivorous nematodes and arthropods that use them as an important food source. Thus, they require mechanisms to detect and respond to injury.Trichoderma atrovirideresponds to mycelial injury by rapidly regenerating its hyphae and developing asexual reproduction structures. Whether this injury response is associated with attack by fungivorous insects is unknown. Therefore, determining the possible conservation of a defense mechanism to predation inT. atrovirideand plants and elucidating the mechanisms involved in the establishment of this response is of major interest. Here, we describe the chemical response ofT. atrovirideto mechanical injury and fungivory and the role of a MAPK pathway in the regulation of this response.

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“…For the direct analysis with LTP-MS, we used a device designed in the laboratory (63, 64). The complete plate of T.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The LTP was mounted perpendicular to the MS inlet. The technical parameters were the same as reported previously (63, 64). Spectra were acquired in positive and profile mode, in an m/z range of 50 to 500.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichoderma atroviride from Predator to Prey: Role of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Tmk3 in Fungal Chemical Defense against Fungivory by Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

Atriztán-Hernández

Moreno-Pedraza

Winkler

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Inside this gas tight and pressure resistant reaction vessel a series of arylnapthylalkynes were synthesised, with the reaction progress being monitored via NMR spectroscopy. 19 Other demonstrations of printed analytical hardware have included ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, 20 light emitting diode array detection, 21 flow cytometry, 22 magnetic resonance imaging, 23 scanning electron microscopy, 24 polymerase chain reaction, 25 low temperature plasma ionization, 26 electrophoresis, 27 and direct spray ionization mass spectrometry. 28 8…”

Section: General Laboratory Hardwarementioning

confidence: 99%

3D printing for chemical, pharmaceutical and biological applications

et al. 2018

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“…The control programming language G-code [13] is simple to program and is supported a huge community. We already use 'fused deposition modeling' (FDM) to build reproducible low-temperature plasma (LTP) probes [14], and 3D-printing is becoming increasingly popular in the rapid prototyping of analytical instruments [15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open LabBot and RmsiGUI: Community Development Kit for Sampling Automation and Ambient Imaging

Rosas-Román

Ovando-Vázquez

Moreno-Pedraza

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Mass spectrometry research laboratories reported multiple probes for ambient ionization in the last years. Combining them with a mechanical moving stage enables automated sampling and imaging applications. We developed a robotic platform, which is based on RepRap 3D-printer components, and therefore easy to reproduce and to adopt for custom prototypes. The minimal step width of the Open LabBot is 12.5 µm, and the sampling dimensions (x, y, z) are 18 × 15 × 20 cm. Adjustable rails in an aluminium frame construction facilitate the mounting of additional parts such as sensors, probes, or optical components. The Open LabBot uses industry-standard G-code for its control. The simple syntax facilitates the programming of the movement. We developed two programs: 1) LABI-Imaging, for direct control via a USB connection and the synchronization with MS data acquisition. 2) RmsiGUI, which integrates all steps of mass spectrometry imaging: The creation of G-code for robot control, the assembly of imzML files from raw data and the analysis of imzML files. We proved the functionality of the system by the automated sampling and classification of essential oils with a PlasmaChip probe. Further, we performed an ambient ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AIMSI) experiment of a lime slice with laser desorption low-temperature plasma (LD-LTP) ionization, demonstrating the integration of the complete workflow in RmsiGUI. The design of the Open LabBot and the software are released under open licenses to promote their use and adoption in the instrument developers' community.

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Template for 3D Printing a Low-Temperature Plasma Probe

Cited by 53 publications

References 26 publications

Trichoderma atroviride from Predator to Prey: Role of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Tmk3 in Fungal Chemical Defense against Fungivory by Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

Trichoderma atroviride from Predator to Prey: Role of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Tmk3 in Fungal Chemical Defense against Fungivory by Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

3D printing for chemical, pharmaceutical and biological applications

Open LabBot and RmsiGUI: Community Development Kit for Sampling Automation and Ambient Imaging

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