Template-directed growth of copolymers

Abstract

The theory of multistate template-directed reversible copolymerization is developed by extending the method based on iterated function systems to matrices, taking into account the possibility of multiple activation states instead of a single one for the growth process. In this extended theory, the mean growth velocity is obtained with an iterated matrix function system and the probabilities of copolymer sequences are given by matrix products defined along the template. The theory allows us to understand the effects of template heterogeneity, which include a fractal distribution of local growth velocities far enough from equilibrium, and a regime of sublinear growth in time close to equilibrium.

Thermodynamics of concentration vs flux control in chemical reaction networks

“…We consider now three simple cases to illustrate the physical meaning of the thermodynamic quantities given in Eqs. ( 18), (19), and (21). First, when either no species are exchanged or only the concentrations of the Yp species are maintained constant by the chemostats, Eq.…”

“…In these frameworks, CRNs are driven out of equilibrium by the exchanges of some chemical species with the surroundings, which are, in general, represented in terms of infinitely large (but also finite 16 ) reservoirs, called chemostats, controlling the concentrations of the exchanged species. This theory has been used to quantify the energetic cost for creating patterns 17 and waves 18 and sustaining the growth process of macromolecules, such as copolymers [19][20][21] and biomolecules. 22 Its connections to information geometry, 23 as well as to thermodynamic uncertainty relations and speed limits, 24 have been recently investigated.…”

Thermodynamics of Concentration vs Flux Control in Chemical Reaction Networks

“…On the one hand, every time a 𝑌 𝑝 species is chemosta ed a new moiety is exchanged between the CRN and the chemostat. e concentrations of the exchanged moieties are expressed in terms of linear combinations [34] of the broken conserved quantities (16) according to…”

“…is theory has been used to quantify the energetic cost for creating pa erns [12] and waves [13], and sustaining the growth process of macromolecules, like copolymers [14][15][16] and biomolecules [17]. Its connections to information geometry [18], as well as to thermodynamic uncertainty relations and speed limits [19], have been recently investigated.…”

Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Non-Ideal Chemical Reaction Networks

“…e growth process of macromolecules like copolymers [21][22][23] and biomolecules [24] has been characterized. Also applications to chaotic CRNs have been considered [25].…”