Template-Based Electrodeposition Growth Mechanism of Metal Nanotubes

Abstract

A possible growth mechanism for template-based electrodeposition metal nanotubes was presented. We proposed that the formation of nanotube was a result of kinetics controlling the deposition process, and was related to the crystal structure. According to the mechanism, various nanotubes, such as Zn, Co, Cu, Ni, ZnNi, and CoNi, were fabricated with aluminum oxide templates using a DC electrodeposition method. The deposit morphology dependence of potential was discussed. We further elaborated the feasibility of the mechanism from crystal growth perspective as well as kinetics and thermodynamics perspectives. This work will benefit further understanding the growth process of electrodeposited nanotubes, and provide important experimental data for crystal growth theory.

Template-based synthesis and discontinuous hysteresis loops of cobalt nanotube arrays

“…This is in good agreement with Ref. [19]. Thus, we can conclude that the electrodeposition process is dominated by kinetics or thermodynamics when v B v c and v [ v c , respectively.…”

Electrochemical synthesis and magnetism of magnetic nanotubes

“…These parameters have been found to influence not only the chemical composition (Vega et al, 2012;Llavona et al, 2013;Moskaltsova et al, 2014) and crystallographic structure (Zhang et al, 2013a;Vivas et al, 2012a) of the deposits, but also the formation of tubular shaped nanostructures (Ponrouch et al, 2010a;Davis and Podlaha, 2005;Narayanan et al, 2008). First of all, the electrolyte solution needs to contain the metal ions of the material one wants to deposit.…”

“…The tuning of the applied potential during the electrochemical synthesis of a material will influence the growth rate that will dominate the deposition process Yoo and Lee, 2004;Zhang et al, 2013a;Liu et al, 2008a;Guo et al, 2010). For metals with close-packed crystallographic structures, the growth rate can be determined by the 2-D nucleation rate (v n ), when the process is thermodynamically dominated, or by the propagation rate of monoatomic steps (v p ), when it is kinetically dominated.…”

“…The two-step anodization method (Masuda and Fukuda, 1995) allows one to easily obtain highly ordered closed-packed arrays of hexagonally arranged pore cells (Figure 24.4a and b) normal to the Al surface. Pore branching and pore Figure 24.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of (a) cross-section view of Ni NTs electrodeposited at a constant potential inside a nanoporous alumina template after partial dissolution of the template in a NaOH aqueous solution (reprinted with permission from Han et al (2009a); copyright © 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim); (b) cross-section view of Co NTs electrodeposited at À2 V (versus SCE) inside a nanoporous alumina template after removing the template from NaOH (reproduced from Zhang et al (2013a), by permission of The Electrochemical Society); (c) bottom view (after ion-milling) of a nanoporous alumina template filled with Ni NTs electrodeposited at À1.5 V (versus Ag/AgCl); (d) Ni-La(OH) 3 NT arrays made by applying a constant potential of À1 V (versus SCE) on Cu, followed by an anodic process under 0.5 mA/cm 2 (reprinted from Zhang and Yao (2013), copyright (2013), with permission from Elsevier); (e) cross-section and (f) top views of ZnO NTs electrodeposited at a potential of À1 V (versus SCE), followed by partial dissolution of the inner cores in KCl solution (reprinted with permission from Elias et al (2008); copyright (2008) American Chemical Society). The pore diameters (ranging from 10 to 350 nm, depending on the anodization voltage) and pore densities (around 10 11 pores/cm 2 ) of AAO films can be precisely controlled by adequately varying electrochemical parameters, enabling the production of tailor-made templates (Lee and Park, 2014;Sousa et al, 2014a).…”

Optical and magnetic properties of PAA@Fe nanocomposite films

“…[6][7][8][9] In addition, PAA with nanopores are popularly used as a template for the synthesis of various nanowires and nanotubes. 10,11 Zhao et al 12 constructed a PAA film embedded with carbon nanotubes (CNTs@PAA) on an Al substrate and found that infusion with water resulted in a significant color change. Such films might be used as water sensors.…”