Temperature Stratification in a Cryogenic Fuel Tank

Daigle, Matthew; Smelyanskiy, Vadim; Boschee, Jacob; Foygel, M.

doi:10.2514/1.t3933

Cited by 35 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, nonequilibrium thermodynamics are feasible only in a higher-fidelity analysis. A corresponding thermodynamic model can be found in Daigle et al [127], Osipov et al [57], Vietze [128] or Ring [39].…”

Section: Liquid Hydrogen Aircraft Tank Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

Refueling of LH2 Aircraft—Assessment of Turnaround Procedures and Aircraft Design Implication

et al. 2022

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Green liquid hydrogen (LH2) could play an essential role as a zero-carbon aircraft fuel to reach long-term sustainable aviation. Excluding challenges such as electrolysis, transportation and use of renewable energy in setting up hydrogen (H2) fuel infrastructure, this paper investigates the interface between refueling systems and aircraft, and the impacts on fuel distribution at the airport. Furthermore, it provides an overview of key technology design decisions for LH2 refueling procedures and their effects on the turnaround times as well as on aircraft design. Based on a comparison to Jet A-1 refueling, new LH2 refueling procedures are described and evaluated. Process steps under consideration are connecting/disconnecting, purging, chill-down, and refueling. The actual refueling flow of LH2 is limited to a simplified Reynolds term of v·d=2.35 m2/s. A mass flow rate of 20 kg/s is reached with an inner hose diameter of 152.4 mm. The previous and subsequent processes (without refueling) require 9 min with purging and 6 min without purging. For the assessment of impacts on LH2 aircraft operation, process changes on the level of ground support equipment are compared to current procedures with Jet A-1. The technical challenges at the airport for refueling trucks as well as pipeline systems and dispensers are presented. In addition to the technological solutions, explosion protection as applicable safety regulations are analyzed, and the overall refueling process is validated. The thermodynamic properties of LH2 as a real, compressible fluid are considered to derive implications for airport-side infrastructure. The advantages and disadvantages of a subcooled liquid are evaluated, and cost impacts are elaborated. Behind the airport storage tank, LH2 must be cooled to at least 19K to prevent two-phase phenomena and a mass flow reduction during distribution. Implications on LH2 aircraft design are investigated by understanding the thermodynamic properties, including calculation methods for the aircraft tank volume, and problems such as cavitation and two-phase flows. In conclusion, the work presented shows that LH2 refueling procedure is feasible, compliant with the applicable explosion protection standards and hence does not impact the turnaround procedure. A turnaround time comparison shows that refueling with LH2 in most cases takes less time than with Jet A-1. The turnaround at the airport can be performed by a fuel truck or a pipeline dispenser system without generating direct losses, i.e., venting to the atmosphere.

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Section: Liquid Hydrogen Aircraft Tank Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

Refueling of LH2 Aircraft—Assessment of Turnaround Procedures and Aircraft Design Implication

et al. 2022

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“…The main problem issue in the operation of equipment for storage and transportation cryofuel is the study of thermodynamic processes inside a cryogenic tank, for which computer modeling systems are currently used [13][14][15]. The process of solving the system of equations of hydrodynamic processes and heat and mass transfer processes during storage of cryofuel in a container requires serious computational resources, and the duration of a numerical solution can reach several days or weeks even for simplified models [2,[16][17][18].…”

Section: Structure Of Software For Monitoring Remote Equipment For Storage and Transportation Of Cryofuelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Issues of Energy-Efficient Storage of Fuel in Multimodal Transport Units

Soldatov

Bogomolov

2021

Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies

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The problem issues of non-drainage storage of cryogenic fuels in modern modular long-term storage systems are considered. The structure of software for remote monitoring the container and small-scale reservoir equipment for storage and transportation of cryogenic fuel is presented. The relationship of software modules for computational modeling of hydrodynamic and thermodynamic processes during storage of cryogenic fuel in stationary and transport conditions, a module for calculating the holding time of non-drainage storage, and individual data transmission modules installed on cryogenic tanks are disclosed. The composition of the software of operators responsible for remote monitoring of the state of multimodal transport units during transportation and long-term storage at the point of consumption is described. An example of energy-efficient technical solution for increasing the holding time of non-drainage storage of liquefied natural gas during storage and transportation in multimodal transport units are considered. In the autonomous power supply system of the multimodal transport unit under consideration, the conversion of solar energy is used to charge accumulator batteries. The results of calculations of electricity consumption for increasing the holding time up to values of 150-200 days, demanded by consumers of cryogenic fuel, are presented.

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Investigation on the Thermophysical Process of the Non-vented Storage of Liquid Xenon

Wang,

Lei,

et al. 2023

Proceedings of the 28th International Cryogenic Engineering Conference and International Cryogenic Materials Conference 2022

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Temperature Stratification in a Cryogenic Fuel Tank

Cited by 35 publications

References 17 publications

Refueling of LH2 Aircraft—Assessment of Turnaround Procedures and Aircraft Design Implication

Refueling of LH2 Aircraft—Assessment of Turnaround Procedures and Aircraft Design Implication

Issues of Energy-Efficient Storage of Fuel in Multimodal Transport Units

Investigation on the Thermophysical Process of the Non-vented Storage of Liquid Xenon

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