“…However, they are readily affected by various types of corrosion, such as intergranular corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, exfoliation, and pitting corrosion (Gerengi et al, 2015). Therefore, surface modification treatments, for example, electroplating (Chen et al, 2011), anodization (Bertram et al, 2014), micro-arc oxidation (Li et al, 2020), and chemical conversion (Twite and Bierwagen, 1998), have been developed to improve the corrosion resistance of Al alloys. Among these methods, the conversion treatment technique is known for its low-cost and operation simplicity.…”