Temperature Requirements in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), Brown Trout (Salmo trutta), and Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) from Hatching to Initial Feeding Compared with Geographic Distribution

Jensen, Arne Johan; Johnsen, Bjørn Ove; Saksgård, Laila M.

doi:10.1139/f89-097

Cited by 50 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…However, we know that spawning takes place from 5 October to 5 November, with the peak spawning period occurring about 20 October (Heggberget, 1988). Because both egg development and the time from hatching to initial feeding are mainly temperature dependent (Crisp, 1981;Jensen et al, 1989), we can estimate the dates at which both these stages occur. According to the model of Crisp (1981), eggs which are spawned on 20 October would have hatched as an average on 10 June in the unregulated river, and on 29 May in the regulated river.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the regulated River Alta: effects of altered water temperature on parr growth

Jensen

2003

River Research & Apps

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The chief objective of this study was to analyse the effects of altered water temperature, due to the hydropower regulation of the River Alta, on growth of Atlantic salmon parr. The river was developed for hydroelectric purposes in 1987. A 110 m high concrete dam was built in the main river 49 km upstream from the outlet to the sea. The outlet of the power station is located 2.5 km downstream from the dam. The annual regime of water temperature has been altered downstream from the power station because of the regulation. It has decreased 1-2°C during June, July and the first half of August, while it has increased up to 3°C during late summer. During winter, water temperature has increased from 0°C to about 0.3-0.4°C. Atlantic salmon is the predominant fish species in the river. They can penetrate 46 km from the sea, up to the outlet of the power station.In this paper I have studied the relationship between growth of juvenile Atlantic salmon and water temperature in the upper part of the river. At similar temperatures, the growth rate of salmon parr in the River Alta is higher in early summer than later in the growing season. In early summer the salmon grew faster than the maximum rate predicted by a recently published model. Therefore, I adjusted the model to describe growth rates of salmon in early summer (ice break to mid-August), using data derived prior to the hydropower development (1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)).The new model proved effective at describing growth rates of fish in early summer following the hydropower development (1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996). After development, growth rates decreased during early summer, but increased correspondingly later in the season. There was close agreement between these growth changes and the altered annual regime of river temperature. Overall, only minor changes in annual growth rates have been observed after the hydropower development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the regulated River Alta: effects of altered water temperature on parr growth

Jensen

2003

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“…However, these observations were made during the day and it is possible that there was a temperaturedependent switch from diurnal to nocturnal foraging as shown in the laboratory by Fraser, Metcalfe & Thorpe (1993). The lower threshold for growth in the field has been given as 7°C (Symons 1979;Evans, Rice & Chadwick 1985), 6°C (Power 1969), 5·6°C (Lee & Power 1976) and 6·3-7·4°C (Jensen & Johnsen 1986;Jensen, Johnsen & Saksgard 1989). All these values are close to that of 6°C in the present study and it is notable that none of these studies differentiated between spring and autumn temperature thresholds for growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A functional model for maximum growth of Atlantic Salmon parr, Salmo salar, from two populations in northwest England

1997

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1. The chief objective was to develop a functional model for the growth of parr (0+, 1+) of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, from two populations (Rivers Leven and Lune in northwest England), using a model similar to that developed previously for Brown Trout, Salmo trutta. Parr bred from Leven parents were acclimatized to nine fairly constant temperatures (two 0+, two 1+ parr per temperature) in the range 3·8–21·7 °C (variation ± 0·3 at 3·8 °C to ± 1·0 at 21·7 °C). Each fish was kept in a separate tank and fed to satiation on shrimps. The mass and length of each fish was recorded at the start and finish of a growth period of 30 days. Parr (0+, 1+) bred from Lune parents were separated into slow and fast growers, and acclimatized to six very constant temperatures. There were three slow and three fast growers at each of 5·0, 10·0, 15·0 °C for 0+ parr and each of 5·0, 10·0, 13·0, 15·0, 18·0, 20·0 °C for 1+ parr. Procedures were the same as for Leven parr except that the growth period lasted 30 days for the 18 0+ parr and 42 days for the 36 1+ parr. 2. The growth model was an excellent fit (P < 0·001) with no significant differences between parr from the two rivers, fast‐growing parr of different ages (0+, 1+), or fast‐ and slow‐growing 1+ parr. The optimum temperature for the combined data (81 parr) was 15·9 °C with a range for growth of 6·0–22·5 °C. The model failed to fit the data for slow‐growing 0+ Lune parr in experiments from November to February. Growth was reduced in these fish, even though the temperatures were suitable for growth (10, 15°C). 3. The model described approximately the growth of three year‐classes of Atlantic Salmon parr in the River Eden in northwest England. Some of the discrepancies between actual masses and those predicted from the model were consistent and possible reasons for this are discussed.

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“…Emergence was estimated based on the mean spawning dates for the farm and native females, daily river temperatures and equations relating temperature to hatching (Crisp 1981) and emergence ( Jensen et al 1991).…”

Section: (C) Statistical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon invading a native population

Fleming

Hindar

Mjølnerød

et al. 2000

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

472

566

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Farm Atlantic salmon escape and invade rivers throughout the North Atlantic annually, which has generated growing concern about their impacts on native salmon populations. A large-scale experiment was therefore undertaken in order to quantify the lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon invading a Norwegian river. Sexually mature farm and native salmon were genetically screened, radio tagged and released into the River Imsa where no other salmon had been allowed to ascend. The farm ¢shes were competitively and reproductively inferior, achieving less than one-third the breeding success of the native ¢shes. Moreover, this inferiority was sex biased, being more pronounced in farm males than females, resulting in the principal route of gene £ow involving native males mating with farm females. There were also indications of selection against farm genotypes during early survival but not thereafter. However, evidence of resource competition and competitive displacement existed as the productivity of the native population was depressed by more than 30%. Ultimately, the lifetime reproductive success (adult to adult) of the farm ¢shes was 16% that of the native salmon. Our results indicate that such annual invasions have the potential for impacting on population productivity, disrupting local adaptations and reducing the genetic diversity of wild salmon populations.

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Temperature Requirements in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), Brown Trout (Salmo trutta), and Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) from Hatching to Initial Feeding Compared with Geographic Distribution

Cited by 50 publications

References 10 publications

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the regulated River Alta: effects of altered water temperature on parr growth

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the regulated River Alta: effects of altered water temperature on parr growth

A functional model for maximum growth of Atlantic Salmon parr, Salmo salar, from two populations in northwest England

Lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon invading a native population

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