Temperature Regulation in Vertebrates

Crawshaw, Larry

doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.42.030180.002353

Cited by 77 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Moreover, many ectotherms manipulate time of activity, habitat choice and posture in an attempt to achieve body temperatures, T b , in narrow preferred (or 'selected') ranges (Cowles and Bogert, 1944;Heath, 1965;Huey et al, 1977;Christian et al, 1983;Stevenson, 1985;Kingsolver, 1987) and thereby increase the amount of time spent at physiologically optimal temperatures (Christian and Tracy, 1981;Huey, 1983;Kingsolver and Watt, 1983;Waldschmidt and Tracy, 1983;Huey et al, 1989;Hertz et al, 1993;Angilletta et al, 2002;Huey et al, 2003). Thermal preferences are usually measured by placing individuals in laboratory thermal gradients and then determining the distribution of their T b (Licht et al, 1966;DeWitt and Friedman, 1979;Crawshaw, 1980). This distribution is assumed to represent the preferred or selected (Pough and Gans, 1982) temperature of the population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal preference ofCaenorhabditis elegans: a null model and empirical tests

Anderson

Albergotti

Proulx

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY The preferred body temperature of ectotherms is typically inferred from the observed distribution of body temperatures in a laboratory thermal gradient. For very small organisms, however, that observed distribution might misrepresent true thermal preferences. Tiny ectotherms have limited thermal inertia, and so their body temperature and speed of movement will vary with their position along the gradient. In order to separate the direct effects of body temperature on movement from actual preference behaviour on a thermal gradient, we generate a null model (i.e. of non-thermoregulating individuals)of the spatial distribution of ectotherms on a thermal gradient and test the model using parameter values estimated from the movement of nematodes(Caenorhabditis elegans) at fixed temperatures and on a thermal gradient. We show that the standard lab strain N2, which is widely used in thermal gradient studies, avoids high temperature but otherwise does not exhibit a clear thermal preference, whereas the Hawaiian natural isolate CB4856 shows a clear preference for cool temperatures (∼17°C). These differences are not influenced substantially by changes in the starting position of worms in the gradient, the natal temperature of individuals or the presence and physiological state of bacterial food. These results demonstrate the value of an explicit null model of thermal effects and highlight problems in the standard model of C. elegans thermotaxis, showing the value of using natural isolates for tests of complex natural behaviours.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal preference ofCaenorhabditis elegans: a null model and empirical tests

Anderson

Albergotti

Proulx

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…My sanity was in your hands--thanks for not knowing how to juggle. In the ectothermic fishes, as in the endothermic vertebrates, a primary site of the neural circuitry involved in behavioral thermoregulation has been grossly localized, via thermode and lesion studies, to the anterior brainstem (Hammel 1968;Nelson and Prosser 1979;Crawshaw 1980 (Greer and Gardner 1970).…”

Section: Approved By Members Of the Thesis Committeementioning

confidence: 99%

Norepinephrine and temperature regulation in goldfish

Wollmuth¹

2000

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ChairmanCannulae were implanted into forebrain loci of goldfish (CarQs §iQS A~~atus; 45-90 g) to determine (i) the effects and site of action of intracranial norepinephrine (NE) injections on behavioral thermoregulation and (ii) the mechanism and the types of adrenoreceptors involved in the thermoregulatory effect of NE. After 30 min in a thermal gradient, implanted fish were injected with norepinephrinebitartrate salt (2.5-500 ng NE) in a total volume of 0.2 ul (carrier was 0.7% NaCl). Injections of 5, 10, 25, and 50 ng 2 NE into the anterior aspect of the nucleus preopticus periventricularis (NPP1 Peter and Gill 1975) led to consistent, dose-dependent decreases in selected temperature. No effect on temperature selection was observed following injections of 2.5 ng NE or control injections of 100 ng tartaric acid. The effects of injections into other loci, including intraventricular injections, were dependent upon the dose and proximity to the anterior NPP1 at sites adjacent to the anterior NPP, larger doses were required, and the effects became inconsistent. At sites further removed, no effect on selected temperature was observed1 included in this category were more caudal sites within the NPP and the nucleus preopticus.To determine the characteristics of the adrenoreceptors involved in the decrease in selected temperature following microinjections of NE into the anterior NPP, noradrenergic antagonists were injected 10 min prior to an injection of 50 ng NE. In comparison to control injections, injections of 50 ng phentolamine, an alpha antagonist, significantly attenuated the effect of NE. In contrast, 50 ng propranolol, a beta antagonist, produced a non-significant attenuation. These antagonists injected by themselves had no thermoregulatory effect. Comparable thermoregulatory effects were obtained by the following doses of noradrenergic agonists: NE (10-25 ng), clonidine (alpha2, 1.0 ug), phenylephrine (alphal, 5 ug), and isoproterenol (beta, 25 ug These two findings suggest that cholinergic systems lower the thermoregulatory set-point, while catecholaminergic systems increase the thermoregulatory set-point.In conclusion, despite information on the gross locaiization of thermoregulatory centers, little is known about the precise localization or the neurochemistry of thermoregulation in ecothermic fishes. The few studies involving neurotransmitters have not localized discrete areas participating in thermoregulatory responses.

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“…Now it is known that other parts of the brain, including the medulla, the midbrain, the pons, and the posterior and lateral hypothalamus, assist in the regulation of body temperature (Crawshaw, 1980). …”

Section: Chapter II Review Of the Li'iera Turementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apparently, therrnosensitive structures exist within the abdomen of the sheep and the squirrel monkey (Hensel, 1973). Heat sensors in the skin are the first to sense a change in the thermal environment (Crawshaw, 1980). Shivering can be inhibited and stimulated by a change in skin temperature, as well as by warming or cooling the thennoceptive structures in the hypothalamus (Euler, 1961).…”

Section: Chapter II Review Of the Li'iera Turementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not one of the group was lost to disease, and months after the last of these experiments the fish remain robust and healthy. In any case, pyrogens cause fish to select warmer water, and sick fish are known (Crawshaw, 1980;Kluger, 1979) to choose warmer-than-usual water. Most of our anomalous fishes go into cold water and become inactive.…”

Section: Experimental Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of ethanol on thermoregulation in the goldfish, Carassius auratus

O'Connor¹

2000

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In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which ethanol affects vertebrate thermoregulation, the effect of ethanol on temperature selection was studied in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Ethanol was administered to 10 to 15 g fish by mixing it in the water of a temperature gradient. The dose response curve was very steep between 0.5% (v/v) ethanol (no response) and 0.7% (significant lowering of selected temperature in treated fish). Fish were exposed to concentrations of ethanol as high as 1.7%, at which concentration most experimental fish lost their ability to swim upright in the water. At concentrations higher than 0.7%, the magnitude of the effect did not increase with increasing concentration of ethanol; treated animals continued to select temperatures about 2 C below temperatures selected by controls. Experiments alternating exposure to 1.0% ethanol and water showed that the rate of onset and disappearance of the ethanol effect was rapid (within 10 min). Other experiments exposing fish to 1.0% ethanol for up to 3 hr showed that the effect remained stable for this period of time. The 2 thermoregulatory responses of fish are behavioral, and therefore relatively easy to observe and quantify.Ethanol produces a prompt, stable and reproducible depression of selected temperature in the goldfish.Because the temperature at which fish regulate is controlled by a central nervous system set point and not altered by effects on peripheral effector systems, it appears that ethanol may cause hypothermia in goldfish by directly acting to lower the set point.

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Temperature Regulation in Vertebrates

Cited by 77 publications

References 55 publications

Thermal preference ofCaenorhabditis elegans: a null model and empirical tests

Thermal preference ofCaenorhabditis elegans: a null model and empirical tests

Norepinephrine and temperature regulation in goldfish

Effect of ethanol on thermoregulation in the goldfish, Carassius auratus

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