Temperature measurement based on photoluminescence of Er3+ doped Sr0.3Cd0.7F2 microcrystal coupled to scanning thermal microscopy

Heat transfer coefficient: a review of measurement techniques

“…This type of temperature sensor is widely used as a mechanical switch for temperature control, usually, know as thermostats. [10] Few millimeters/minutes 0.1 °C Biomaterial [11,12] Few millimeters/seconds 0.1 °C Gas thermometers [13] Centimeters/minutes 0.001 K Acoustic [14][15][16][17][18] Centimeters/milliseconds 0.1 °C Electrical Thermocouple [19,20] 0.02-5 mm/50 ms-1 min 0.1 °C RTD [20,21] Few millimeters/minutes 0.001 °C Thermistor [13,21] 1-10 mm/20-300 s 0.01 °C (low span, 50 °C) Semiconductor junction [22] Few millimeters/minutes 0.5 °C Optical Optical fiber [23,24] millimeters 1D/millisecond 0.05-0.1 °C Thermoreflectance [25][26][27] 10 μm/down to ms 0.1-1.1 °C Liquid crystal [28][29][30][31] 2D/less than 1 s 0.5-0.9 °C Thermo-and photoluminescence [32][33][34][35] 2D observed temperature fields 1-31 °C Interferometry [36][37][38] 2D/milliseconds or less 2% (temperature in K) IR thermography [39][40][41] 40 μm-1 mm (2D)/down to ms 18 mK Temperature-sensitive paints (TSP) [41] 5 μm-1 mm (2D)/down to ms 0.4 °C 2.1.1.3 Gas thermometers Such mechanical thermometers are based on the variation in the pressure or volume when a fluid changes the temperature [13]. Basically, two types of fluid states are used, gas state or saturated state.…”

“…Optical techniques for temperature measurement are a set of emerging techniques that potentialize new applications hardly solved by mechanical or electrical temperature sensors. Their main advantages are noncontact temperature measurements, easy integration for obtaining high-resolution 2D temperature fields, fast response time and high immunity to electromagnetic interference [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41].…”

“…The thermo-and photoluminescence technique for temperature measurements is based on the temperature dependence of the visible luminescence intensity of some rare-earth ions. Such a dependence is due to the presence of closely spaced energy levels in those special ions [32][33][34][35]. A temperature measurement apparatus involves first the charging of particles with energy from an irradiation source in a specific spectral range (UV, visible or infrared) and registration of the intensity of emitted light radiated by the temperature-dependent thermoluminescence particles.…”