Temperature effect on nickel release in ammonium citrate

Abstract

Leaching in ammonium citrate has been extensively used to assess the fraction of water-soluble nickel compounds present in nickel producing and using workplace aerosols. Leaching in ammonium citrate according to the first step of the Zatka protocol was found to overestimate the water-soluble nickel fraction by more than ten-fold compared to synthetic lung fluid (37 degrees C), when nickel carbonate and subsulfide were present. These results suggest that exposure matrices based on this method should be reexamined. Leaching studies of refinery particles are needed to further clarify this important issue.

Comparison of nickel speciation in workplace aerosol samples using sequential extraction analysis and X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy

“…30 This citrate effect would result in the Zatka method over-reporting soluble Ni by unknowingly including some NiCO 3 in the soluble fraction instead of in the oxidic fraction, where it would be expected. First, XANES was unable to clearly speciate three of the six carbonate samples, which had the lowest Ni levels among the 54 samples (approximately 0.0054 mg m À3 ).…”

Speciation and fractionation of nickel in airborne particulate matter: comparison between selective leaching and XASspectroscopy

“…A relatively large deviation is observed between the replicate analysis, suggesting time dependent leaching effects and continuation of the leaching over the following extraction steps. To verify the total Ni content of the nickel carbonate hydroxide, the nickel compound was also leached directly with the most stringent leaching solution (step 4) for the determination of the oxidic [6][7][8] This also limits the use of the sequential leaching procedure. Practitioners of the leaching procedure need to evaluate the potential for basic nickel salts to be present in the sample.…”

“…4 For example, nickel subsulfide (Ni 3 S 2 ) is considered the most carcinogenic Ni species on the basis of available human epidemiology and animal studies. 5,6 The carcinogenicity of water-soluble Ni salts such as NiSO 4 $xH 2 O as well as insoluble Ni oxide compounds, and Ni spinels (e.g. NiFe 2 O 4 ), however, is controversial.…”

“…[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] The sequential leaching method as developed in 1992 by Zatka and coworkers provided an inexpensive assay to differentiate among 'soluble', 'sulfidic', 'metallic', and 'oxidic' chemical forms of Ni and has been applied widely in the primary nickel refining industry. 6 The sequential extractions provide an operationally defined (i.e. based on solubility differences) determination of Ni species and were developed for the various phases found in dusts in nickel manufacture.…”

Electrochemical Detection of Ni2+ Ions Using Synthesized (E)‐N’‐Chlorobenzylidene‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide Derivatives Modified with a Nafion Matrix

“…HMI can be easily absorbed by animals and plants, and then may mount up in the human body by way of food chain. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Owing to the dangerous consequence of HMI, it is very imperative and important to discover advantageous, efficient, and practicable technique to treat wastewater containing poisonous metal pollutants, and remove their dangerous effects on ecology and human health. Many techniques for example adsorption, atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization or graphite furnace, capillary electrophoresis, chemical precipitation, electrochemical treatment, flow injection spectrophotometry, flame photometry, inductively coupled plasma, ion exchange, ICP-AES and membrane filtration have been suggested to reduce the health risks of HMI pollutants from wastewater.…”