Abstract:Non-invasive optoacoustic mapping of temperature in tissues with low blood content can be enabled by administering external contrast agents. Some important clinical applications of such approach include temperature mapping during thermal therapies in a prostate or a mammary gland. However, the technique would require a calibration that establishes functional relationship between the measured normalized optoacoustic response and local tissue temperature. In this work, we investigate how a key calibration parame… Show more
“…For all measurements in an aqueous environment, we assume that Г, the efficiency of PA excitation, is constant and equal to the value for water. For aqueous solutions with a low concentration of biological substances, this approximation is accurate within 10–15% 58 . We also calculated the accuracy of the calibration based on a cupric sulfate solution as ~2% based on the concentration used and studies performed earlier for similar solutions 59 .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In fact, NPs themselves do not produce the PA signal; they absorb light and are directly heated, but due to their very high thermal conductivity, heat is released into the surrounding medium and, thus, a “coat” surrounding the NP produces the major PA signal. Multiple papers describe this phenomenon 58 , 60 – 62 .…”
Optical instruments can probe physical systems even to the level of individual molecules. In particular, every molecule, solution, and structure such as a living cell has a unique absorption spectrum representing a molecular fingerprint. This spectrum can help identify a particular molecule from others or quantify its concentration; however, scattering limits molecular fingerprinting within a complex compound and must be overcome. Here, we present a new, non-contact photoacoustic (PA)-based method that can almost completely remove the influence of background light scattering on absorption measurements in heterogeneous highly scattering solutions and, furthermore, separate the intrinsic absorption of nanoscale objects from their scattering. In particular, we measure pure absorption spectra for solutions of gold nanorods (GNRs) as an example of a plasmonic agent and show that these spectra differ from the extinction measured with conventional UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Finally, we show how the original GNR absorption changes when nanoparticles are internalized by cells.
“…For all measurements in an aqueous environment, we assume that Г, the efficiency of PA excitation, is constant and equal to the value for water. For aqueous solutions with a low concentration of biological substances, this approximation is accurate within 10–15% 58 . We also calculated the accuracy of the calibration based on a cupric sulfate solution as ~2% based on the concentration used and studies performed earlier for similar solutions 59 .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In fact, NPs themselves do not produce the PA signal; they absorb light and are directly heated, but due to their very high thermal conductivity, heat is released into the surrounding medium and, thus, a “coat” surrounding the NP produces the major PA signal. Multiple papers describe this phenomenon 58 , 60 – 62 .…”
Optical instruments can probe physical systems even to the level of individual molecules. In particular, every molecule, solution, and structure such as a living cell has a unique absorption spectrum representing a molecular fingerprint. This spectrum can help identify a particular molecule from others or quantify its concentration; however, scattering limits molecular fingerprinting within a complex compound and must be overcome. Here, we present a new, non-contact photoacoustic (PA)-based method that can almost completely remove the influence of background light scattering on absorption measurements in heterogeneous highly scattering solutions and, furthermore, separate the intrinsic absorption of nanoscale objects from their scattering. In particular, we measure pure absorption spectra for solutions of gold nanorods (GNRs) as an example of a plasmonic agent and show that these spectra differ from the extinction measured with conventional UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Finally, we show how the original GNR absorption changes when nanoparticles are internalized by cells.
“…4 °C) as a function of solute concentration is given by the Despretz law, i.e. Δ = /0, where K is the Despretz constant and c is the solute concentration [31], [36]. Here Δ represents a small change in the temperature from 4 °C to the actual muting point in the presence of solutes.…”
Section: Theorymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This hypothesis is based on a long known property of the thermal expansion coefficient of water, which becomes zero at 4 °C [28]. The dependence of optoacoustic signal on temperature has been experimentally demonstrated in the NIR spectral region (700-900 nm) [22], [29], [30], [31].…”
Infrared (IR) optoacoustic spectroscopy can separate a multitude of molecules based on their absorption spectra. However, the technique is limited when measuring target molecules in aqueous solution by strong water absorption at IR wavelengths, which reduces detection sensitivity. Based on the dependence of optoacoustic signal on the temperature of the probed medium, we introduce cooled IR optoacoustic spectroscopy (CIROAS) to mute water contributions in optoacoustic spectroscopy. We showcase that spectral measurements of proteins, lipids, and glucose in the short-wavelength IR region, performed at 4 °C, lead to marked sensitivity improvements over conventional optoacoustic or IR spectroscopy. We elaborate on the dependence of optoacoustic signals on water temperature and demonstrate polarity changes in the recorded signal at temperatures below 4 °C. We further elucidate the dependence of the optoacoustic signal and the muting temperature on sample concentration and demonstrate that changes in these dependences enable quantification of the solute concentration. We discuss how CIROAS may enhance abilities for molecular sensing in the IR.
“…with the optical absorption coefficient μ a , the local optical fluence F, and the dimensionless Grüneisen parameter Γ representing thermoelastic efficiency of the medium. The Grüneisen parameter is temperature sensitive and depends on the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient (β), the speed of sound (V l ) for longitudinal waves, and the specific heat capacity at constant pressure (C p ) [19,20]. In the tissue, a rise of temperature ΔT ~ 10 −3°C generates a pressure wave of p ~ 1 kPa.…”
Gastroenterologists routinely use optical imaging and ultrasound for the minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancerous tumors in gastrointestinal tract and related organs. Recent advances in gastroenterological photoacoustics represent combination of multispectral and multiscale photoacoustic (PA), ultrasound (US), and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent imaging. The novel PA endoscopic methods have been evaluated in preclinical models using catheter-based miniature probes either noncontact, all-optical, forward-viewing probe or contact, side-viewing probe combined with ultrasound (esophagus and colon). The deep-tissue PA tomography has been applied to preclinical research on targeted contrast agents (pancreatic cancer) using benchtop experimental setups. The clinical studies engaging human tissue ex vivo have been performed on endoscopic mucosal resection tissue with PA-US tomography system and intraoperative imaging of pancreatic tissue with PA and NIR fluorescence multimodality. These emerging PA methods are very promising for early cancer detection and prospective theranostics. The noninvasive transabdominal examination with PA-US handheld probe has been implemented into clinical trials for the assessment of inflammatory bowel disease. To facilitate translational and clinical research in PA imaging in gastroenterology, we discuss potential clinical impact and limitations of the proposed solutions and future needs.
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