Temperature-Dependent Dielectric Relaxation Measurements of (Betaine + Urea + Water) Deep Eutectic Solvent in Hz-GHz Frequency Window: Microscopic Insights into Constituent Contributions and Relaxation Mechanisms

Abstract

A combined experimental and simulation study of dielectric relaxation (DR) of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of betaine, urea, and water with the composition [Betaine:Urea:Water = 11.7:12:1 (weight ratio) and 9:18:5 (molar ratio)] was performed to explore and understand the interaction and dynamics of this system. Temperature-dependent (303 ≤ T/K ≤ 343) measurements were performed over 9 decades of frequency, combining three different measurement setups. Measured DR, comprising four distinct steps with relaxation times spreading over a few picoseconds to several nanoseconds, was found to agree well with simulations. The simulated total DR spectra, upon dissection into three self (intraspecies) and three cross (interspecies) interaction contributions, revealed that the betaine− betaine self-term dominated (∼65%) the relaxation, while the urea−urea and water−water interactions contributed only ∼7% and ∼1%, respectively. The cross-terms (betaine−urea, betaine−water, and urea−water) together accounted for <30% of the total DR. The slowest DR component with a time constant of ∼1−10 ns derived dominant contribution from betaine−betaine interactions, where betaine−water and urea−water interactions also contributed. The subnanosecond (0.1−0.6 ns) time scale originated from all interactions except betaine−water interaction. An extensive interaction of water with betaine and urea severely reduced the average number of water−water H-bonds (∼0.7) and heavily decreased the static dielectric constant of water in this DES (ε s ∼ 2). Furthermore, simulated first rank collective single particle reorientational relaxations (C 1 (t)) and the structural H-bond fluctuation dynamics (C HB (t)) exhibited multiexponential kinetics with time scales that corresponded well with those found both in the simulated and measured DR.