Temperature dependence of surface topography and deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to low-energy, high-flux D plasma

Sub-surface structures of ITER-grade W (Japan) and re-crystallized W after ITER-similar low-energy and high-flux D plasma loadings

“…The D retention of these specimens was determined by TDS and NRA using the reaction D( 3 He,p) 4 He by scanning the 3 He energy from 690 keV up to 4 MeV. The results are presented in [12,13,16]. The surface topography and the 3D morphology of the plasma-exposed tungsten were analysed by SEM.…”

“…Next, in this work, the surface changes of ITER-grade W are analysed and compared with re-crystallized W from [11] after identical D loading, resulting in totally different structures but similar D retentions. The D retention in W is analysed by nuclear reaction analyse (NRA) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) [12,13]. Additional experiments are performed in this work to solve the remaining open questions.…”

Statistically sound evaluation of trace element depth profiles by ion beam analysis

“…However since then still a large number (e.g. [12,13,14,15,16]) of publications based on a manual fitting of the experimental data have been published. The depth profiles therein have no statistically sound confidence intervals and thus numerous discussions have arisen on whether or not certain features in the depth profiles are real or just artifacts from the deconvolution.…”

Deuterium retention in tungsten used in ASDEX Upgrade: comparison of tokamak and laboratory studies

“…This suggests that blistering can be somehow suppressed on the machined surface as well. Finally, D retention in AUG W materials as a function of incident fluence is summarized in Figure 4 together with relevant laboratory data [16,17,19,27,[29][30][31][32] and an estimation of D in W compiled by the ITPA SOL/DIV topical group [33]. The thin CMSII-W coating shows that D retention determined by TDS (total retention) agrees relatively well to that measured by NRA (surface retention).…”

“…The gray shaded region corresponds to an estimation of D retention in W based on laboratory experiments compiled by ITPA SOL/DIV topical group [33]. results together with the data previously obtained from AUG divertor probes [7,34] and laboratory results [16,17,19,27,[30][31][32]. The gray shaded region corresponds to an estimation of D retention in W based on laboratory experiments compiled by ITPA SOL/DIV topical group [33].…”