Temperature dependence of radiation damage annealing of Silicon Photomultipliers

Angelis, Nicolas De; Kole, Merlin; Cadoux, F.; Hulsman, J.; Tomasz, Kowalski,; Sebastian, Kusyk,; Mianowski, Slawomir; Rybka, D.; Stauffer, J.; Swakoń, Jan; Damian, Wrobel,; Wu, Xiadong

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2022.167934

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Therefore, the Terzina telescope design has to consider possible shields, thermostats, and SiPM annealing strategies. A description of the temperature dependence of the radiation damage annealing of a SiPM can be found in [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Silicon-Photo-Multiplier-Based Camera for the Terzina Telescope on Board the Neutrinos and Seismic Electromagnetic Signals Space Mission

Burmistrov

2024

Instruments

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NUSES is a pathfinder satellite project hosting two detectors: Ziré and Terzina. Ziré focuses on the study of protons and electrons below 250 MeV and MeV gamma rays. Terzina is dedicated to the detection of Cherenkov light produced by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays above 100 PeV and ultra-high-energy Earth-skimming neutrinos in the atmosphere, ensuring a large exposure. This work mainly concerns the description of the Cherenkov camera, composed of SiPMs, for the Terzina telescope. To increase the data-taking period, the NUSES orbit will be Sun-synchronous (with a height of about 550 km), thus allowing Terzina to always point toward the dark side of the Earth’s limb. The Sun-synchronous orbit requires small distances to the poles, and as a consequence, we expect an elevated dose to be received by the SiPMs. Background rates due to the dose accumulated by the SiPM would become a dominant contribution during the last two years of the NUSES mission. In this paper, we illustrate the measured effect of irradiance on SiPM photosensors with a variable-intensity beam of 50 MeV protons up to a 30 Gy total integrated dose. We also show the results of an initial study conducted without considering the contribution of solar wind protons and with an initial geometry with Geant4. The considered geometry included an entrance lens as one of the options in the initial design of the telescope. We characterize the SiPM output signal shape with different μ-cell sizes. We describe the developed parametric SiPM simulation, which is a part of the full Terzina simulation chain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Silicon-Photo-Multiplier-Based Camera for the Terzina Telescope on Board the Neutrinos and Seismic Electromagnetic Signals Space Mission

Burmistrov

2024

Instruments

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“…Finally, SiPMs have been shown to degrade in space due to radiation damage [2]. Based on simulations we know that the low energy threshold will increase due to this by approximately 1 p.e.…”

Section: Pos(icrc2023)550mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to mitigate this, we have also tested that the irradiation damage can be recuperated by bringing the SiPMs to a high temperature for a couple of hours. Heating to 60 • C using simple resistors is implemented and will be performed once per year for about 1 day in orbit [2]. It can be seen that POLAR-2 is significantly more sensitive at low energies thanks to the SiPM technology, Right: an exploded view of the POLAR-2 high energy polarimeter.…”

Section: Pos(icrc2023)550mentioning

confidence: 99%

POLAR-2, the next generation of GRB polarization detector

Produit¹,

Kole²,

Wu³

et al. 2023

Proceedings of 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2023)

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The POLAR-2 Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) Polarimetry mission is a follow-up to the successful POLAR mission. POLAR collected six months of data in 2016-2017 on board the Tiangong-2 Chinese Space laboratory. From a polarization study on 14 GRBs, POLAR measured an overall low polarization and a hint for an unexpected complexity in the time evolution of polarization during GRBs. Energy-dependent measurements of the GRB polarization will be presented by N. de Angelis in GA21-09 (August 2nd). These results demonstrate the need for measurements with significantly improved accuracy. Moreover, the recent discovery of gravitational waves and their connection to GRBs justifies a high-precision GRB polarimeter that can provide both highprecision polarimetry and detection of very faint GRBs. The POLAR-2 polarimeter is based on the same Compton scattering measurement principle as POLAR, but with an extended energy range and an order of magnitude increase in total effective area for polarized events. Proposed and developed by a joint effort of Switzerland, China, Poland and Germany, the device was selected for installation on the China Space Station and is scheduled to start operation for at least 2 years in 2025.

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“…This higher efficiency remains when convolving the emission spectrum of these scintillators, which both peak at 425 nm, with the photo-detection efficiency vs wavelength of the Silicon PhotoMultiplier (SiPM) which reads it out [19]. However, recent studies, which are discussed in detail in [19,22], indicate that, due to the smoother surface quality achievable for EJ-248M, the number of photons which reach the bottom of the scintillator is higher for EJ-248M, despite the difference in light yield. This effect was additionally verified during the tests described here by also irradiating a polarimeter module -5 -containing EJ-248M.…”

Section: Polarimeter Module: Mechanical Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of the first POLAR-2 prototype to polarized beams

Kole,

Angelis,

Bacelj

et al. 2024

J. Inst.

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POLAR-2 is a dedicated gamma-ray polarimeter currently foreseen to be launched towards the China Space Station around 2027. The design of the detector is based on the legacy of its predecessor mission POLAR which was launched in 2016. POLAR-2 aims to measure the polarization of the Gamma-ray Burst prompt emission within the 30–800 keV energy range. Thanks to its high sensitivity to gamma-ray polarization, as well as its large effective area, POLAR-2 will provide the most precise measurements of this type to date. Such measurements are key to improve our understanding of the astrophysical processes responsible for Gamma-Ray Bursts. The detector consists of a segmented array of plastic scintillator bars, each one of which is read out by a Silicon PhotoMultiplier channel. The flight model of POLAR-2 will contain a total of 6400 scintillators. These are divided into 100 groups of 64 bars each, in so-called polarimeter modules. In recent years, the collaboration has designed and produced the first prototypes of these polarimeter modules and subjected these to space qualification tests. In addition, in April 2023, the first of these modules were calibrated using fully polarized gamma-ray beams at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in France. In this work, we will present the results of this calibration campaign and compare these to the simulated performance of the POLAR-2 modules. Potential improvements to the design are also discussed. Finally, the measurements are used, in combination with the verified simulation framework, to estimate the scientific performance of the full POLAR-2 detector and compare it to its predecessor.

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Temperature dependence of radiation damage annealing of Silicon Photomultipliers

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

A Silicon-Photo-Multiplier-Based Camera for the Terzina Telescope on Board the Neutrinos and Seismic Electromagnetic Signals Space Mission

A Silicon-Photo-Multiplier-Based Camera for the Terzina Telescope on Board the Neutrinos and Seismic Electromagnetic Signals Space Mission

POLAR-2, the next generation of GRB polarization detector

Response of the first POLAR-2 prototype to polarized beams

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