Temperature and exudativory as drivers of the marmoset (Callithrixspp.) daily activity period

Abstract

Primates are affected by fluctuations in ambient temperatures, mostly through thermoregulatory costs and changes in the availability of food. In the present study, we investigate whether the ambient temperature and proxies of food availability affect the activity period of marmosets (Callithrix spp.). We predicted that: (i) at colder sites, marmosets would spend more time at sleeping sites; (ii) midday resting bouts would be longer at hotter sites; (iii) the onset/cessation of activity and resting behavior at midday would be more closely related to temperature than food availability, and (iv) highly exudativorous groups would have higher total levels of resting.We compiled data on the onset and cessation of activity and the time spent resting at midday from seven marmoset studies from sites with a wide range of temperatures. We used generalized linear mixed models to verify the relationship between the dependent variables (lag between dawn and the onset of activities, lag between cessation of activities and dusk, and proportion of resting during midday) and the

Climate change effects on the distribution of yellow‐breasted capuchin monkey (Sapajus xanthosternos (Wied‐Neuwied, 1826))

“…This easternmost region is a hotspot of primate vulnerability to climate change (Graham et al, 2016). Primates, as tropical species, are adapted to a relatively narrow range of temperatures (Bernard & Marshall, 2020; Tewksbury et al, 2008), being sensitive to even small temperature changes (Hilário et al, 2022). In addition, local climate regulates the physiological (Blanco et al, 2013) and behavioral (Hilário et al, 2022; Strier et al, 1999) characteristics of monkeys.…”

An endangered native species is being replaced by hybrids: the new normal for primate conservation in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

“…These animals increase foraging activity as a strategy to face resource scarcity and, consequently, use larger areas, which decreases their visualization and response to playback (Passamani and Rylands 2000;Ferrari and Hilário 2014). On the other hand, the locomotion of some callitrichids is known to be lower during the dry season, which may be attributed to gummivory leading them to remain in certain places for scari cation activities (Côrrea 1995;Hilário et al 2022). This strategy is typical of the "time minimization" model (Schoener 1971), in which an animal invests its effort in consuming foods with a high energy return and reduces its activity time during lean periods as a way of "saving" energy, thus reducing its detection.…”

“…Finally, we expected that detection probability of Callithrix spp. would be positively in uenced by increased sampling effort (i.e., a greater number of visits per location), but negatively by increased precipitation and average temperature throughout the sampling of each location, since adverse weather conditions, such as heavy rains and very low or very high temperatures delay the activity of marmosets, consequently causing them to be less detected during these periods (Côrrea 1995;Hilário et al 2022).…”

Effects of provisioning on the activity budget and foraging strategies of black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China

“…In this regard, an activity budget represents the calculated proportion of time that group members engage in a set of behaviors, typically feeding, resting, traveling, and social interactions. An individual's activity budget can be influenced by a variety of factors such as age, sex (Li et al, 2015; Stevenson, 2006), dominance status, reproductive condition (Lodwick et al, 2004; Matsumoto‐Oda & Oda, 2001), and group size (Chapman & Chapman, 2000), as well as habitat type (Mekonnen et al, 2017; Neves et al, 2023), climate (Korstjens & Dunbar, 2006; Majolo et al, 2013), and the distribution and availability of food resources (Hilário et al, 2021; Bach et al, 2017). Given seasonal variation in patterns of rainfall, temperature, and the availability and distribution of preferred feeding sites, primate populations that only exploit wild foods are expected to show marked seasonal shifts in their activity budget and foraging effort (Majolo et al, 2013; Ni et al, 2015; Zhang et al, 2023).…”