Temperature and burn injury prediction of human skin exposed to microwaves: a model analysis

Özen, Şükrü; Helhel, Selçuk; Bilgin, Süleyman

doi:10.1007/s00411-011-0364-y

Cited by 32 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The heat transferred to the skin tissue is calculated using Pennes' bioheat equation, the pioneer mathematical model for analyzing heat conduction in the biological tissues. This mathematical model has been widely used in many investigations to predict the temperature changes in biological medium [16,17,26,27,28]. It is expressed as [29]:…”

Section: Bioheat Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer in Multilayered Skin Tissue Exposed to 5g Mobile Communication Frequencies

Kaur

2021

Journal of Thermal Engineering

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Rapid growth in wireless communications has triggered the advent of 5G mobile communication systems. The use of millimeter waves (30-300 GHz) in 5G system has generated global concern about its biological safety. In present paper, we have numerically analyzed the heat transfer in a 3D multilayered skin tissue exposed to 5G frequencies. The numerical scheme comprises coupling of solution of Maxwell's equation of wave propagation within tissue to Pennes' bioheat equation. Temperature variations are analyzed at 28 GHz, 38 GHz, and 60 GHz. Additionally, electric field and specific absorption rate distribution are also studied. Highest values of electric field and specific absorption rateare estimated in epidermis layer of skin tissue. For all considered frequencies, highest transient temperature (37.36°C) is predicted in subcutaneous fat layer of the skin. However, the steady state temperature is nearly same as core body temperature (37°C). The results show that 5G mobile phones do not cause any thermal damage to the skin tissue and can be considered safe.

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Section: Bioheat Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer in Multilayered Skin Tissue Exposed to 5g Mobile Communication Frequencies

Kaur

2021

Journal of Thermal Engineering

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“…This exposure raises concerns and questions about the impact of the EMR on human health and life. A number of papers were devoted to the issue of bioelectromagnetic effects [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. These include cellular, immunological, hematological, auditory level responses to EMR exposure such as heat shock protein secretions, protein leakages, cellular ion channel anomalies, blood sugar level fluctuations, and hearing loss, as well as cognitive function degradations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic radiation exposure of multioperator co-sited urban base stations

Uluaydin¹,

Dlugosz²,

Şeker³

2019

Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci

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Mobile network operators (MNOs) concurrently use different generations of wireless technologies. The base stations (BSs) of different technology generations are co-located in order to decrease operational costs. Furthermore, the MNOs cooperate in order to co-site their base stations. Such an urban site includes more than 25 actively radiating antennas on average with different frequencies and modulations. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) measurements performed in such an environment may have reduced accuracy. In this paper, the authors propose a new approach for the measurement of EMR in multiple mobile technology interwoven urban BS sites, where more than one operator exists. The maintenance activities are also investigated with their frequency of occurrence and their duration for EMR exposure assessment and the statistics are reported for the first time in academia. On sampling the signal strength and radiation in different positions for the tested urban sites, electrical field strengths as high as 90 V/m were observed. The results are classified according to frequency bands and possible technologies. The probable bioelectromagnetic effects of such EMR exposure on maintenance workers are discussed with the provision of statistical data of co-located BSs and their maintenance activities. A new occupational EMR exposure risk assessment approach is proposed by taking into consideration the massive multiinput multioutput (MIMO) antenna technology.

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“…Jiang et al [ 10 ] studied the skin burn process resulting from a high temperature heat source to the skin surface by using finite difference method to solve the Pennes bio-heat equation. Ozen et al [ 11 ] presented a one-dimensional multi-layer model to characterize the temperature rise resulting from skin exposure to microwaves. Im et al [ 12 ] carried out a numerical study on the temperature profiles as a result of local heating of human skin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-Dimensional Thermal Analysis of the Flexible Electronic Devices Integrated with Human Skin

Cui

Xing

et al. 2016

Micromachines

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A one-dimensional analytic thermal model for the flexible electronic devices integrated with human skin under a constant and pulsed power is developed. The Fourier heat conduction equation is adopted for the flexible electronics devices while the Pennes bio-heat transfer equation is adopted for the skin tissue. Finite element analysis is performed to validate the analytic model through the comparison of temperature distributions in the system. The influences of geometric and loading parameters on the temperature increase under a pulsed power are investigated. It is shown that a small duty cycle can reduce the temperature increase of the system effectively. A thin substrate can reduce the device temperature but increase the skin surface temperature. The results presented may be helpful to optimize the design of flexible electronic devices to reduce the adverse thermal influences in bio-integrated applications.

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Temperature and burn injury prediction of human skin exposed to microwaves: a model analysis

Cited by 32 publications

References 23 publications

Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer in Multilayered Skin Tissue Exposed to 5g Mobile Communication Frequencies

Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer in Multilayered Skin Tissue Exposed to 5g Mobile Communication Frequencies

Electromagnetic radiation exposure of multioperator co-sited urban base stations

One-Dimensional Thermal Analysis of the Flexible Electronic Devices Integrated with Human Skin

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