Temperature and air pollution relationship during heatwaves in Birmingham, UK

Kalisa, Egide; Fadlallah, Sulaiman O.; Amani, Mabano; Nahayo, Lamek; Habiyaremye, Gabriel

doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.08.033

Cited by 112 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…However, we found high mortality rates for a number of OEs, especially for events defined by low thresholds (Figure 7). It is possible that these may have been caused by other stressors, like other air pollutants, which were found to affect mortality rates [18,34,71,72], but were not addressed in this study. Another possible explanation could be related to the time of occurrence of these OEs.…”

Section: Influence Of Air Temperature Onto Ozone Eventsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Occurrence and Coupling of Heat and Ozone Events and Their Relation to Mortality Rates in Berlin, Germany, between 2000 and 2014

et al. 2019

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Episodes of hot weather and poor air quality pose significant consequences for public health. In this study, these episodes are addressed by applying the observational data of daily air temperature and ozone concentrations in an event-based risk assessment approach in order to detect individual heat and ozone events, as well as events of their co-occurrence in Berlin, Germany, in the years 2000 to 2014. Various threshold values are explored so as to identify these events and to search for the appropriate regressions between the threshold exceedances and mortality rates. The events are further analyzed in terms of their event-specific mortality rates and their temporal occurrences. The results reveal that at least 40% of all heat events during the study period are accompanied by increased ozone concentrations in Berlin, particularly the most intense and longest heat events. While ozone events alone are only weakly associated with increased mortality rates, elevated ozone concentrations during heat events are found to amplify mortality rates. We conclude that elevated air temperatures during heat events are one major driver for increased mortality rates in Berlin, but simultaneously occurring elevated ozone concentrations act as an additional stressor, leading to an increased risk for the regional population. ozone concentrations [17,21,22]. However, studies focusing on the relation between both stressors themselves, as well as their combined effect on human health, also reveal inconsistent results for different regions or their relative effect-contribution [13,17,23]. A comparison of 25 Italian cities revealed a strong effect modification by ozone concentrations to the air temperature-mortality association only in some cities, whereas other cities showed no effect modification [21]. Similar results were found in a Europe-wide study. However, they found no evidence for an effect modification when heat waves were considered instead of air temperature for any of the cities where the study was carried out [22]. Other investigations could not even find any interaction or confounding between air temperature and ozone to affect all-cause mortality [24,25]. Inconsistencies in the results are mainly attributed to the local-specific characteristics of the city under investigation (e.g., [21][22][23]). This underlines the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms between these environmental stressors and their resulting health effects.Physically, both health stressors are closely linked to each other, but the nature of the relationship between air temperature and ozone is highly complex and depends on a number of variables. The formation of ozone as a secondary pollutant is driven by the photochemical oxidation of precursors like volatile organic carbons, methane, and carbon monoxide [26][27][28]. Strong ozone forming can be observed during days of warm, cloud-free, and calm conditions [29][30][31]. Persistent atmospheric conditions of low winds speeds accompanied by high air temperature may enhance the accumulation ...

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Section: Influence Of Air Temperature Onto Ozone Eventsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Occurrence and Coupling of Heat and Ozone Events and Their Relation to Mortality Rates in Berlin, Germany, between 2000 and 2014

et al. 2019

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“…ese may be contributory factors to the formation of certain atmospheric pollutants associated with the rise in air temperature [6][7][8]. e rise of air temperature is likely to lead to an increase in air pollutants [9]. e IPCC also projected a possible increase in frequency and intensity of extreme temperatures over the Arabian Peninsula [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature Changes over the CORDEX-MENA Domain in the 21^st Century Using CMIP5 Data Downscaled with RegCM4: A Focus on the Arabian Peninsula

Almazroui

2019

Advances in Meteorology

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This paper examined the temperature changes from the COordinated Regional climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) over the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) domain called CORDEX-MENA. The focus is on the Arabian Peninsula in the 21st century, using data from three Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models downscaled by RegCM4, a regional climate model. The analysis includes surface observations along with RegCM4 simulations and changes in threshold based on extreme temperature at the end of the 21st century relative to the base period (1971–2000). Irrespective of the driving CMIP5 models, the RegCM4 simulations show enhanced future temperature changes for RCP8.5 as compared to RCP4.5. The Arabian Peninsula will warm at a faster rate (0.83°C per decade) as compared to the entire domain (0.79°C per decade) for RCP8.5 during the period 2071–2100. Moreover, the number of hot days (Tmax ≥ 50°C) (cold nights: Tmin ≤ 5°C) will increase (decrease) faster in the Arabian Peninsula as compared to the entire domain. This increase (decrease) of hot days (cold nights) will be more prominent in the far future (2071–2100) as compared to the near future (2021–2050) period. Moreover, the future changes in temperature over the main cities in Saudi Arabia are also projected. The RegCM4-based temperature simulation data from two suitable CMIP5 models are recommended as a useful database for further climate-change-related studies.

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“…Global climate change has strongly influenced the development of sustainable cities and society and increased the intensity of extreme heat waves. Heat waves in urban areas not only encourage greater water and electricity consumption, resulting in a shortage of hydropower resources [1], and aggravating urban air pollution [2], but also have a significant negative impact on residents' health [3]. Heat waves can significantly reduce the frequency of fitness activities, walking, and other outdoor activities [4], thereby increasing the risk of diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1) what the typical distribution rules of LCZ classes in the old areas of the Chinese megacity are; (2) how to assess urban heat vulnerabilities based on LCZ classification; (3) what the relationship between LCZ classes and heat vulnerability indicators is; and (4) what the distribution rule of the heat vulnerabilities in the old areas, according to LCZ classes, is.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Heat Vulnerability of Different Local Climate Zones in the Old Areas of a Chinese Megacity

et al. 2019

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Frequent and extreme heat waves have strongly influenced the sustainable development of cities and resulted in a higher level of mortality in residents. Using the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification scheme, combined with the factors of land surface temperature (LST), building age (BA), and housing price (HP), and the normalized values of which represent heat exposure, sensitivity, and adaptability, respectively, this paper investigates a practical method for assessing the heat vulnerability of different LCZ classes in the old areas of a Chinese megacity, taking the Yuzhong district of Chongqing city as a case study. The results reveal that the distribution of LCZ classes in this study area exhibits a typical circle-layer distribution pattern from the city center to the suburbs. Heavy industry areas are the most vulnerable, with the highest exposure to heat waves, the oldest building age and the lowest housing price. Compact class areas (compact high-rise, compact mid-rise and compact low-rise) are usually more vulnerable than open class areas (open high-rise, open mid-rise, and open low-rise) and low-rise buildings are always more susceptible to heat waves than mid-rise and high-rise buildings. The methods and findings can help us to better understand the comprehensive and space-time action rules of heat vulnerability, thereby inspiring scientific and rational urban planning strategies to mitigate or adapt to urban heat weaves towards the sustainable development of cities and society.2 of 15 an extreme heat wave caused more than 70,000 deaths in Europe [13], and the extreme heat waves in the United States from 1999 to 2010 resulted in 7415 deaths, more than the total number of deaths from typhoons, floods, earthquakes and other disasters during the same period [14].Therefore, it is urgent to assess the vulnerability of areas subject to urban heat waves and provide corresponding mitigation or adaptation strategies based on it. This has become a hot topic in the study of healthy cities. Heat vulnerability refers to the degree of vulnerability or inability of urban residents to cope with the adverse effects of heat waves, and it is typically composed of three types of indicators: exposure, sensitivity and adaptability [15,16]. In this context, "exposure" refers to the proximity of the location of a group or individual to the hazards of heat waves, which reflect the characteristics, intensity and frequency of the heat waves suffered by urban residents [17]. The most widely used indicators for evaluating heat exposure include the urban thermal environment (e.g., air temperature, land surface temperature and urban heat island intensity) [18,19] and urban spatial parameters (e.g., sky view factor and impervious surface fraction) [20]. In this context, "sensitivity" refers to the degree to which urban residents change their physiological structure in the face of the external interference of extreme heat waves. Widely used evaluation indicators include the proportion of vulnerable groups, such as the elderly, infants ...

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Temperature and air pollution relationship during heatwaves in Birmingham, UK

Cited by 112 publications

References 46 publications

Occurrence and Coupling of Heat and Ozone Events and Their Relation to Mortality Rates in Berlin, Germany, between 2000 and 2014

Occurrence and Coupling of Heat and Ozone Events and Their Relation to Mortality Rates in Berlin, Germany, between 2000 and 2014

Temperature Changes over the CORDEX-MENA Domain in the 21^st Century Using CMIP5 Data Downscaled with RegCM4: A Focus on the Arabian Peninsula

Assessing the Heat Vulnerability of Different Local Climate Zones in the Old Areas of a Chinese Megacity

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Temperature and air pollution relationship during heatwaves in Birmingham, UK

Cited by 112 publications

References 46 publications

Occurrence and Coupling of Heat and Ozone Events and Their Relation to Mortality Rates in Berlin, Germany, between 2000 and 2014

Occurrence and Coupling of Heat and Ozone Events and Their Relation to Mortality Rates in Berlin, Germany, between 2000 and 2014

Temperature Changes over the CORDEX-MENA Domain in the 21st Century Using CMIP5 Data Downscaled with RegCM4: A Focus on the Arabian Peninsula

Assessing the Heat Vulnerability of Different Local Climate Zones in the Old Areas of a Chinese Megacity

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Temperature Changes over the CORDEX-MENA Domain in the 21^st Century Using CMIP5 Data Downscaled with RegCM4: A Focus on the Arabian Peninsula