Temperatura e tempo de refrigeração de pupas de Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) afetam parâmetros biológicos de Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)?

Reproduction ofTetrastichus howardi(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) inDiatraea saccharalis(Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Pupae at Different Temperatures

“…At 25 °C, this parasitoid can increase its population at a maximum rate of 118 times every generation (Table 1). Lower R 0 values at 16 and 31 °C showed that adverse temperatures affect the development of parasitoids, as reported by Duale (2005), Castillo et al (2006), and Pastori et al (2013). Temperature extremes can reduce reproduction of T. howardi because of the lower number of eggs laid per host pupa and the lower survival and longer development of their immatures (Duale 2005).…”

“…This difference in progeny produced per pupa may be due to differences in the host species acceptability by this parasitoid (Malekmohammadi et al 2012), the immune response (Andrade et al 2010), or the adaptation to the host and nutritional quality (Altoé et al 2012;Favero et al 2013a,b). Also, this difference in production of progeny is sometimes due to the host biomass (Pastori et al 2013), but biomass of the D. saccharalis pupae is very similar to that of H. armigera pupae.…”

Development of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) parasitoids in Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) pupae exposed to entomopathogenic fungi

“…2015) and T. diatraeae (Pastori et al . 2013), and 72 hours in age for P. elaeisis (Andrade et al . 2012).…”

“…For each parasitoid species, pupae of D. saccharalis (24 hours old) were exposed to parasitism by three females over 72 hours. Females were 24 hours in age for T. howardi (Pereira et al 2015) and T. diatraeae (Pastori et al 2013), and 72 hours in age for P. elaeisis (Andrade et al 2012). These ages were selected to optimise the abundance of oocytes.…”

Reproductive Potential and Biological Characteristics of the Parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Depending on Parasitoid-Host Ratio

“…Mass rearing is important for biological control programs (Pastori et al 2013;Pereira et al 2013), and the density of female parasitoids per host may affect parasitism (Sampaio et al 2001), progeny sex ratio (Chong & Oetting 2006, 2007, life cycle (Pereira et al 2010), and the longevity of descendants (Favero et al 2013;Pastori et al 2013). Cotesia flavipes reared with D. saccharalis presented the appropriate biological characteristics, but the ideal proportion of the females of this natural enemy per caterpillar host needs to be better understood to increase the biological effectiveness of C. flavipes, and to improve the multiplication of this natural enemy.…”