Temperament and Defense Mechanism Patterns of Patients with Depressive Disorder: In Comparison with or without Anxiety Symptom

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare psychological characteristics in the patients of depressive disorder with or without anxiety. Methods: The study included 416 patients and divided into two groups (210 with anxiety and 206 without anxiety). These data were obtained from a database of patients who had visited the Yeungnam University Hospital's psychiatric department from April 2009 to March 2019. Levels of anxiety were rated by Korean version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Psychological characteristics between the two groups were compared using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ). Also, a multiple regression analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of temperament, character, and defense mechanisms on comorbidity of anxiety. Results: No significant difference was noticed in demographic characteristics between the two groups. The comorbid anxiety group exhibited higher novelty seeking, harm avoidance, self-transcendence but lower reward dependence, self-directedness, cooperativeness. The comorbid anxiety group used defense style such as maladaptive, image-distortion, self-sacrificing more frequently. Multiple regression analysis showed that harm avoidance, self-directedness, self-transcendence, defense style such as maladaptive, image-distortion, adaptive significantly affected the severity of anxiety. Logistic regression analysis showed that self-transcendence and defense style such as maladaptive, image-distortion, adaptive significantly affected the comorbidity of anxiety. Conclusion: These findings would be useful in understanding patients of depressive disorder with anxiety. Various psychotherapies can anticipate the prognosis of depressive patients and establish the plan of treatment.

Mediating Effect of Stress Recognition on the Effect of Generalized Anxiety Disorder on Smartphone Dependence

“…The higher the degree of smartphone dependence, the lower the academic performance, which indicates that smartphones may be used more commonly for non-academic purposes [28]. Both men and women recognize that the higher their SPD, the worse their health and body shape, which was an indication of being overweight.…”