Temperament and Character Inventory

Cloninger, C. Robert; Przybeck, Thomas R.; Švrakić, Dragan M.; Wetzel, Richard

doi:10.1037/t03902-000

Cited by 619 publications

(794 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…The 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) were administered to all bipolar patients and healthy individuals to assess severity of mood symptoms (Hamilton, 1976;Young et al, 1978). Personality traits were assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) (Cloninger et al, 1994). The TCI is a self-report questionnaire composed of 240 true-false items designed to measure individual differences on 7 dimensions of temperament and character.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The TCI is a self-report questionnaire composed of 240 true-false items designed to measure individual differences on 7 dimensions of temperament and character. The psychometric properties of the TCI have been extensively evaluated in normative and clinical samples (Cloninger et al, 1994).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While higher harm avoidance has been consistently linked to mood disorders in general (Cloninger et al, 1994;Brown et al, 1992;Joffe et al, 1993;Hirano et al, 2002), and with bipolar disorder in particular (Blairy et al, 2000;Osher et al, 1996;Osher et al, 1999;Engstrom et al, 2004a;Evans et al, 2005), higher novelty seeking in bipolar patients compared to both unipolar patients and healthy individuals has been reported by one study (Young et al, 1995). In the same study, bipolar patients presented higher novelty seeking than unipolar patients, and both groups had higher harm avoidance than the healthy control group, indicating that the combination of higher novelty seeking and harm avoidance might be a characteristic of bipolarity.…”

Section: Personality Differences Between Bipolar Patients and Healthymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Temperament traits (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence and persistence) represent basic emotional responses, which are manifested early in life, are stable throughout life and are moderately heritable. Character traits (self-directedness, cooperativeness and self-transcendence) represent concepts about self and personal relations, which are regulated by supervisory cognitive processes that develop throughout life (Cloninger et al, 1994;Cloninger et al, 2005). When compared to healthy individuals, bipolar patients achieve higher scores on novelty seeking (Young et al, 1995;Osher et al, 1999;Evans et al, 2005), harm avoidance (Young et al, 1995;Osher et al, 1996;Engstrom et al, 2004a;Evans et al, 2005) and reward dependence (Osher et al, 1996), and lower scores on persistence (Osher et al, 1996;Osher et al, 1999) and self-directedness (Engstrom et al, 2004a;Evans et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperament and character traits in patients with bipolar disorder and associations with comorbid alcoholism or anxiety disorders

Nery

Hatch

Glahn

et al. 2008

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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Temperament and character traits may determine differences in clinical presentations and outcome of bipolar disorder. We compared personality traits in bipolar patients and healthy individuals using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and sought to verify whether comorbidity with alcoholism or anxiety disorders is associated with specific personality traits. Seventy three DSM-IV bipolar patients were compared to 63 healthy individuals using the TCI. In a second step, the bipolar sample was subgrouped according to the presence of psychiatric comorbidity (alcoholism, n = 10; anxiety disorders; n = 23; alcoholism plus anxiety disorders, n = 21; no comorbidity, n = 19). Bipolar patients scored statistically higher than the healthy individuals on novelty seeking, harm avoidance and self-transcendence and lower on self-directedness and cooperativeness. Bipolar patients with only comorbid alcoholism scored statistically lower than bipolar patients without any comorbidity on persistence. Bipolar patients with only comorbid anxiety disorders scored statistically higher on harm avoidance and lower on self-directedness than bipolar patients without any comorbidity. Limitations of this study include the cross-sectional design and the small sample size, specifically Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. in the analysis of the subgroups. However, our results suggest that bipolar patients exhibit a different personality structure than healthy individuals and that presence of psychiatric comorbidity in bipolar disorder is associated with specific personality traits. These findings suggest that personality, at least to some extent, mediates the comorbidity phenomena in bipolar disorder.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Personality Differences Between Bipolar Patients and Healthymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Temperament and character traits in patients with bipolar disorder and associations with comorbid alcoholism or anxiety disorders

Nery

Hatch

Glahn

et al. 2008

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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“…(TCI-R; Cloninger, 1999). The TCI-R is a 240-item, scored on a five-point Likert-scale that measures seven dimensions of personality: four temperament (Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, and Persistence) and three character dimensions (SelfDirectedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence).…”

Section: Temperament and Character Inventory-revisedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anger in Pathological Gambling: Clinical, Psychopathological, and Personality Correlates

et al. 2014

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The aim of this study was to explore the association between pathological gambling (PG) and anger by assessing whether psychopathology and personality are related to PG and to evaluate gender differences. The sample comprised 71 PGs and 37 healthy controls. Anger, psychopathology and personality were assessed with the STAXI-2, SCL-90-R and TCI-R respectively. Gender did not affect anger expression after stratifying by diagnostic condition (p > .05). Among PG patients, anger, psychopathology and personality measures were correlated with good effect-size (r > .30). Scores in the Anger Temperament (B = 0.21, p = .038) and Anger External-Expression (B = 0.27, p = .029) scales were positively associated with PG severity scores. Anger expression in PG should be considered in future treatment programs.

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Evidence for Chronically Altered Serotonin Function in the Cerebral Cortex of Female 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Polydrug Users

Iorio

Watkins²,

Dietrich³

et al. 2012

Arch Gen Psychiatry

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Context MDMA (ecstasy) is a popular recreational drug that produces loss of serotonin (5-HT) axons in animal models. Whether MDMA produces chronic reductions in 5-HT signaling in humans remains controversial. Objective To determine if MDMA use is associated with chronic reductions in serotonin signaling in female human cerebral cortex as reflected by increased 5-HT2A receptors. Design Cross sectional case-control study comparing 5-HT2A receptor levels in abstinent female MDMA polydrug users to MDMA-naive females; within-group design assessing the association of lifetime MDMA use and 5-HT2A receptors. Subjects had at least 90 days abstinence from MDMA use as verified by hair sampling. Cortical 5-HT2A receptor levels were assayed with the 5HT2A-specific Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radioligand [18F]setoperone. Setting Academic Medical Center Research Laboratory. Participants Volunteer female MDMA users (N=14) and MDMA-naive controls (N=10). Main exclusion criteria were non-drug-related DSM-IV axis I psychiatric disorders and general medical illness. Main Outcome Measure Cortical 5-HT2A receptor non-displaceable binding potential (5-HT2ABPND). Results MDMA users had increased 5-HT2ABPND in occipital-parietal (19.7%), temporal (20.5%), occipito-temporal-parietal (18.3%), frontal (16.6%), and fronto-parietal (18.5%) regions (p<0.05; corrected). Lifetime MDMA use associated positively with 5-HT2ABPND in fronto-parietal (β=0.665;p=0.007), occipito-temporal (β=0.798;p=0.002), fronto-limbic (β=0.634;p=0.024), and frontal (β=0.691;p=0.008) regions. In contrast, there were no regions in which MDMA use was inversely associated with receptor levels. There were no statistically significant effects of the duration of MDMA abstinence on 5-HT2ABPND. Conclusions Human recreational MDMA use is associated with long-lasting increases in 5-HT2A receptor density. 5-HT2A receptor levels correlate positively with lifetime MDMA use and do not decrease with abstinence. These results suggest that MDMA produces chronic 5-HT neurotoxicity in humans. Given the broad role of 5-HT in human brain function, the possibility for therapeutic MDMA use, and the widespread recreational popularity of this drug, these results have critical public health implications.

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Temperament and Character Inventory

Cited by 619 publications

References 97 publications

Temperament and character traits in patients with bipolar disorder and associations with comorbid alcoholism or anxiety disorders

Temperament and character traits in patients with bipolar disorder and associations with comorbid alcoholism or anxiety disorders

Anger in Pathological Gambling: Clinical, Psychopathological, and Personality Correlates

Evidence for Chronically Altered Serotonin Function in the Cerebral Cortex of Female 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Polydrug Users

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