Television and DVD/Video Viewing in Children Younger Than 2 Years

Zimmerman, Frederick J.; Christakis, Dimitri A.; Meltzoff, Andrew N.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.5.473

Cited by 293 publications

(307 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Almost 90% of children begin watching television regularly before age 2, and the average age of initiation is 9 months. 54 Marketing efforts begin with children as young as 2 years, in order to build brand awareness and brand sympathy. 45,55,56 The typical first-grade child can already recognize and respond to more than 200 brands.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Television Content Type and Obesity in Children

2010

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Objectives. We tested the associations of content types of children's television viewing with subsequent body mass index (BMI) to assess the plausibility of different causal pathways. Methods. We used time-use diary data from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics to measure television viewing categorized by format and educational and commercial content. Analyses were stratified by age because children younger than 7 years are less able to understand the persuasive intent of advertising. BMI z scores in 2002 were regressed on television viewing, sociodemographic variables, mother's BMI, and BMI in 1997 (for older children only). Results. Among children aged 0 to 6 years in 1997, commercial viewing in 1997 was significantly associated with BMI z scores in 2002 in fully adjusted regressions. Among children older than 6 years, commercial viewing in 2002 was associated with 2002 BMI. These results were robust after adjustment for exercise and eating while watching television. Conclusions. The evidence does not support the contention that television viewing contributes to obesity because it is a sedentary activity. Television advertising, rather than viewing per se, is associated with obesity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Television Content Type and Obesity in Children

2010

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“…2 By 3 years, almost onethird of children have a television in their bedroom. 3 Parents report that they view television as a peacekeeper and a safe activity for their children while they are preparing dinner, getting ready for work, or doing household chores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On average, children younger than 2 years watch televised programs 1 to 2 hours/day. 2 Fourteen percent of children aged 6 to 23 months watch 2 or more hours/day of media. 3 Some media industry executives claim that educational media programs are meant to be watched by both the parent and the child to facilitate social interactions and the learning process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Media Use by Children Younger Than 2 Years

Brown¹,

Mulligan²,

Altmann³

et al. 2011

Pediatrics

322

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In 1999, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued a policy statement addressing media use in children. The purpose of that statement was to educate parents about the effects that media—both the amount and the content—may have on children. In one part of that statement, the AAP recommended that “pediatricians should urge parents to avoid television viewing for children under the age of two years.” The wording of the policy specifically discouraged media use in this age group, although it is frequently misquoted by media outlets as no media exposure in this age group. The AAP believed that there were significantly more potential negative effects of media than positive ones for this age group and, thus, advised families to thoughtfully consider media use for infants. This policy statement reaffirms the 1999 statement with respect to media use in infants and children younger than 2 years and provides updated research findings to support it. This statement addresses (1) the lack of evidence supporting educational or developmental benefits for media use by children younger than 2 years, (2) the potential adverse health and developmental effects of media use by children younger than 2 years, and (3) adverse effects of parental media use (background media) on children younger than 2 years.

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“…The evidence actually quite consistently points to delays in language acquisition if children under 2 are exposed to too much screen time. Tomopoulos et al (2010) found that duration and content of media exposure in 6 month old children was associated with poorer language development at 14 months and an analysis by Zimmerman et al (2007a) uncovered a large negative association CYBER BABIES: THE IMPACT OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 508 between frequent viewing of baby DVDs/videos and the language acquisition of babies aged 8 to 18 months. Another study from Thailand examined language delay in children (15-48 months) and found that children who started watching TV before 12 months, and who spent more than 2 hours a day watching TV, were six times more likely to have language delays (Chonchaiya & Pruksananonda, 2008).…”

Section: Tv Screen Time and Cognitive Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%