“…Individuals also use apology as a vehicle for mending relational breakdowns (Sparkman, 2005). Communication scholars have explored issues of apology in multiple contexts, including sports (Kruse, 1981), political and religious scandals (Armstrong, Hallmark, & Williamson, 2005; Harter, Stephens, & Japp, 2000; Kramer & Olson, 2002; Simons, 2000), and organizational blunders (Benoit & Brinson, 1994; Hobbs, 1995; Ice, 1991). Apology researchers traditionally highlight two elements that complicate the apology act: the type of wrongdoing and how the accused responds.…”