“…High‐precision robotic manipulators for microsurgical operations are an important technological spin off of the JPL robotics programme described in this paper (see Figure 10)[20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. In particular, a development effort identified by the descriptive name of robot‐assisted microsurgery (RAMS) is developing a tele‐robotic platform which will enable new procedures of the brain, eye, ear, nose, throat, face and hand.…”