“…In this case, the link between externalizing behavior and CUD is due to other factors (confounders), rather than causal. For example, child and adolescent externalizing behaviors are associated with teenage motherhood, marital disruption, poor maternal mental health, maternal substance use, low socio-economic status, poor family functioning, and parental supervision of the child ( [Moffitt, 2002b], [Moffitt, 2006], [Nagin and Tremblay, 2001] and [Weissman et al, 1999]). These family factors are also associated with the later use of substances by children ( [Hawkins et al, 1992] and [Hayatbakhsh et al, 2006]).…”