Tectono-magmatic evolution of porphyry belts in the central Tethys region of Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran, western Pakistan, and southern Afghanistan

Zürcher, Lukas; Bookstrom, Arthur A.; Hammarstrom, Jane M.; Mars, Jason; Ludington, Steve; Zientek, Michael L.; Dunlap, Pamela; Wallis, John C.

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.02.034

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 330 publications

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“…Although silver extraction from Pb ores is mentioned for the Sassanid Period (224 AD-670 AD; Ghorbani 2013), the comparative chemistry of Parthian and Sassanid coinage is elusive about Persian sources(Sodaei et al 2013). In modern Iran, silver is mostly mentioned in connection with gold and lead deposits(Ghorbani 2013), rarely in the form of silver ore. Porphyry copper deposits are abundant in Iran(Zürcher et al 2019), but because molten Ag is sparingly soluble in Cu with which it forms a eutectic at 28.1 wt.% Cu(Subramanian and Perepezko 1993), the costly extraction of minor silver from copper ores simply may not have been profitable. The US Geological Survey reports on Afghanistan ore deposits but does not flag any significant silver-rich ores(Peters et al 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Origin and fate of the greatest accumulation of silver in ancient history

Blichert‐Toft

Callataÿ

Télouk

et al. 2022

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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The capture of the Achaemenid treasuries in 331–330 BCE by Alexander the Great in Persepolis and Susa marked the demise of the 300-year-old Persian Empire and the advent of Hellenistic kingdoms. Alexander seized the equivalent of about 5000 tons of silver, which represented the accumulated tributes paid by subjugated people from the Aegean Sea to the Indus to their Achaemenid rulers. Die studies show that this gigantic amount of silver, the so-called Persian mix, had been used to produce most of the coinage of Alexander the Great himself and to an even greater extent those of the Diadochi, his successors. What remains to be understood is the origin of the silver of this immense treasure. Lead isotope abundances determined on both Persian sigloi and alexanders struck from Achaemenid silver trace the bullion source to the southern Aegean, Macedonia, and Thrace. Lead in pseudo-coinage from early Indian kingdoms is isotopically different from the rest, which attests to a limited Indian contribution to the Achaemenid treasuries. Studies of Iron Age hoards from the Levant leave open the possibility that the making of the Persian mix may have predated the Achaemenid expansion of the seventh century BCE. We speculate on the motivations of such massive hoarding by the Persian kings and on its economic implications.

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confidence: 99%

Origin and fate of the greatest accumulation of silver in ancient history

Blichert‐Toft

Callataÿ

Télouk

et al. 2022

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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“…The Cretaceous to Palaeogene sedimentary successions that are exposed on the Arabian continental margin provide valuable insights into sedimentary evolution, and record details of tectonic processes that affected the southern Neo‐Tethys and the north of the AP. The researches of porphyry tract, ophiolites, and the magmatism in eastern Iran, eastern Turkey, Lesser Caucasus and other parts of the northern Arabian continent indicate a significant subduction‐related continental arc development and collision processes in the Late Cretaceous‐Palaeocene interval (Özer et al, 2017; Pirnia et al, 2020; Saccani et al, 2018; Zürcher et al, 2019). The subsequent Tertiary uplift of the AP as a result of its collision with Eurasia gave rise to significant deposition in the Late Cretaceous to Palaeogene (Bar et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Cretaceous to Palaeogene sedimentary successions that are (Özer et al, 2017;Pirnia et al, 2020;Saccani et al, 2018;Zürcher et al, 2019).The subsequent Tertiary uplift of the AP as a result of its collision with Eurasia gave rise to significant deposition in the Late Cretaceous to Palaeogene (Bar et al, 2016). In the northernmost AP, deposition began with Aptian-Early Campanian shelf carbonates, followed by deepening turbidites accumulation during the Mid-Campanian in response to regional faulting and tilting (Robertson et al, 2016).…”

Section: Regional Stratigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedimentology and stratigraphy sequence of the north of Saudi Arabia: Implications for the evolution of the Neo‐Tethys in the Late Cretaceous

Zhang

Qin

et al. 2020

Geological Journal

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The Late Cretaceous sediments on the margin of the Arabia Plate contain information of tectonics and eustatic fluctuation of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean. The sedimentary association in the north of Saudi Arabia, combined with that from Jordan, Israel, and Egypt, revealed three fourth‐order sedimentary sequences that occurred in the Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene. The evolution of the sequences indicates that a most extensive transgression occurred in the south of Neo‐Tethys Ocean during that time, which deposited phosphorite and carbonate overlying the Devonian sandstone directly. The occurrence of thin and interbedded lithological layers implies vigorous fluctuation of the sea‐level during the transgression. We argue that the transgression is the results of tectonic activities and eustatic fluctuation, but may be closely controlled by the regional subduction and Neo‐Tethys collision.

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“…The Alborz magmatic belt contains extensive calc-alkaline and high-K calc-alkaline Eocene volcanic rocks (Berberian & King, 1981;Zamanian et al 2020), which resulted from collision of the Iranian block with the Eurasian plate due to continued convergence of the Arabian and Eurasian plates (Berberian, 1983; Alavi, 1991;Yigit, 2006;Zanchetta et al 2009;Richards, 2015;Zürcher et al 2019). Various deposits that are cited in the figure: 1.…”

Section: Regional Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid inclusions and C–H–O–S–Pb isotope systematics of the Senj Mo–Cu deposit, Alborz magmatic belt, northern Iran: implications for fluid evolution and regional mineralization

Fazel

Mehrabi²,

Zamanian³

et al. 2022

Geol. Mag.

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The Middle Eocene Senj Mo–Cu deposit (1.3 Mt at 1.5 wt % Cu and 0.2 wt % Mo) is located in the central Alborz magmatic belt, northern Iran. Mineralization is characterized by multistage veins, which are hosted in volcanic and volcano-sedimentary strata of the Karaj Formation (c. 41–45 Ma), genetically associated with the Senj Mafic Sill (c. 40 Ma). Four generations of veins are documented based on mineral assemblages and cross-cutting relationships, sequentially: quartz–biotite–chalcopyrite (QBC veins), quartz–molybdenum (QM veins), quartz–pyrite (QP veins) and late calcite (LC veins). Three types of fluid inclusions (FIs) are present in multistage veins: liquid-rich two-phase (L-type), vapour-rich two-phase (V-type) and solid-bearing multi-phase (S-type) inclusions. FIs in the QBC and QM veins are predominantly V-type and S-type, together with minor L-type, whereas the QP and LC vein minerals only contain L-type fluid inclusions. The homogenization temperatures of FIs from QBC to LC veins vary from 320 to 425 °C, 308 to 390 °C, 214 to 288 °C and 145 to 243 °C, and their salinities range from 5.3 to 49.0, 6.2 to 39.7, 5.7 to 13.0, and 2.1 to 7.2 wt % NaCl equiv., respectively. The H–O–C isotope compositions favour a dominantly magmatic origin for the hydrothermal fluids, which were gradually diluted by meteoric waters. The S–Pb isotope data of sulphide minerals indicate that the sulphur and metals were sourced from a deep-seated magmatic reservoir. The Senj Mafic Sill and associated Mo–Cu mineralization was developed in a back-arc extension regime, which faults and crustal fracture systems served as conduits for hydrothermal fluid circulation and Mo-rich veining.

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Tectono-magmatic evolution of porphyry belts in the central Tethys region of Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran, western Pakistan, and southern Afghanistan

Cited by 18 publications

References 330 publications

Origin and fate of the greatest accumulation of silver in ancient history

Origin and fate of the greatest accumulation of silver in ancient history

Sedimentology and stratigraphy sequence of the north of Saudi Arabia: Implications for the evolution of the Neo‐Tethys in the Late Cretaceous

Fluid inclusions and C–H–O–S–Pb isotope systematics of the Senj Mo–Cu deposit, Alborz magmatic belt, northern Iran: implications for fluid evolution and regional mineralization

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