Tectonics of strike-slip restraining and releasing bends

Cunningham, W. Dickson; Mann, Paul

doi:10.1144/sp290.1

Cited by 291 publications

(210 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…The normal faults seen in S1 were also identified in S4, while two almost bowl-shaped structures (red dashed circles) are visible in the south-west and the north-east. maximum horizontal stress (Tikoff and Teyssier, 1994;Legg et al, 2007). Alternatively, if there are jogs along the strike of a strike-slip fault, this will produce constraining and releasing bends (Cunningham and Mann, 2007), which will cause, after movement, reverse and normal faults, respectively, with strikes similar to the strike-slip fault, along the strike of the strike-slip fault (Crowell, 1974;Christie-Blick and Biddle, 1985;Gamond, 1987, Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural analysis of S-wave seismics around an urban sinkhole: evidence of enhanced dissolution in a strike-slip fault zone

Wadas¹,

Tanner²,

Polom³

et al. 2017

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. In November 2010, a large sinkhole opened up in the urban area of Schmalkalden, Germany. To determine the key factors which benefited the development of this collapse structure and therefore the dissolution, we carried out several shear-wave reflection-seismic profiles around the sinkhole. In the seismic sections we see evidence of the Mesozoic tectonic movement in the form of a NW-SE striking, dextral strike-slip fault, known as the Heßleser Fault, which faulted and fractured the subsurface below the town. The strike-slip faulting created a zone of small blocks ( <100 m in size), around which steep-dipping normal faults, reverse faults and a dense fracture network serve as fluid pathways for the artesian-confined groundwater. The faults also acted as barriers for horizontal groundwater flow perpendicular to the fault planes. Instead groundwater flows along the faults which serve as conduits and forms cavities in the Permian deposits below ca. 60 m depth. Mass movements and the resulting cavities lead to the formation of sinkholes and dissolutioninduced depressions. Since the processes are still ongoing, the occurrence of a new sinkhole cannot be ruled out. This case study demonstrates how S-wave seismics can characterize a sinkhole and, together with geological information, can be used to study the processes that result in sinkhole formation, such as a near-surface fault zone located in soluble rocks. The more complex the fault geometry and interaction between faults, the more prone an area is to sinkhole occurrence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural analysis of S-wave seismics around an urban sinkhole: evidence of enhanced dissolution in a strike-slip fault zone

Wadas¹,

Tanner²,

Polom³

et al. 2017

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…These basins can be classified as ramp basins, half-ramp basins, open-sided thrust basins, pull-apart basins, and strike-slip basins. A more recent compilation of the possible tectonic structures related to strike-slip faulting can also be found in Cunningham and Mann (2007). The Iberian foreland basins are generally filled with coarse siliciclastic facies (e.g.…”

Section: Basin Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tectonic classification of Cenozoic Iberian foreland basins

Cloetingh²,

et al. 2011

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The Iberian microcontinent stands out because of its intense Alpine intraplate deformation. This is reflected in a large number of Cenozoic basins of very different sizes. Most of the contacts between topographic highs and basins are thrust or strike-slip faults. All these basins seem to have undergone a common sedimentary evolution, comprising four stages: initiation of sedimentation, intense syn-tectonic infilling, change from endorheic to exorheic drainage, and accelerated erosion related to fluvial incision. This simple evolutionary model shows a migration from East to West, in which basins are still tectonically active at the Atlantic margin of Iberia. This common evolution is also found in a series of geometrical characteristics, such as the ratio r of length of strike-slip fault and length of thrust fault, that are very similar in both types of basin border settings. Thrust-related basins are mainly associated with segmented pop-downs, whereas the main basins have the characteristics of open-ramp basins. Strike-slip related basins are mostly transpressive structures, although small pull-apart basins are usual along the Vilariça and Messejana faults. For basin areas larger than 100-1000 km 2 , a constant r value of 0.6 is found (including the Ebro, Duero, Madrid, Lower Tagus and Badajoz basins). Within the Iberian microcontinent, the total amount of Cenozoic contractional deformation was distributed between strike-slip and thrust faults with an r ratio close to 0.6. However, for small basins this parameter seems to depend on the type of fault, range or deformation belt (pure strike-slip, transtension, transpression, and pop-up) independently of its local tectonic development.

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“…Hence, a double restraining bend, hereafter called A'nyêmaqên restraining bend, with a comparatively larger thrust component has been formed. Consequently, the compressional stepover uplift and crustal shortening of the mountain [22] results in the creation of the highest peak-the 6282-m-high Maqinggangri Peak of A'nyêmaqên Mountains, the highest mountain on the mid-eastern part of the Kunlun Fault.…”

Section: Geometric Structure Of the Mid-eastern Part Of The Kunlun Faultmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After leaving the marshland to the north of Zoige, the fault segment intersects with the Tazang Fault, and the strike is deflected northward by around 20° and gradually turned to 330°. It then appears as a convex arc to the northeast, and together with the Longriba, Minjiang and Huya faults makes up an N-S oriented contractional horsetail splay structure [22]. There are great differences in previously calculated horizontal slip rates since the late Pleistocene, which range from 2 to 12 mm/a, bringing considerable uncertainty to many scientific problems posed in this region [5,12,14,16,18].…”

Section: Geometric Structure Of the Mid-eastern Part Of The Kunlun Faultmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rupture segmentation and slip partitioning of the mid-eastern part of the Kunlun Fault, north Tibetan Plateau

Chen-xia

et al. 2011

Sci. China Earth Sci.

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The Kunlun Fault, an active fault on the border between the Bayan Har and Kunlun-Qaidam blocks, is one of the major left lateral strike-slip faults in the Tibetan Plateau. Previous research has not reached a consensus on agreeable slip rates along much of its length and the slip rate gradient along the eastern part, both of which play critical roles in a range of models for the eastward extrusion and thickened crust of the Tibetan Plateau. New slip rates have been determined at sites along the eastern part of the Kunlun Fault by dating deposits and measuring atop displaced fluvial terrace risers. Field investigations and interpretation of satellite images reveal geometrical features of the fault and the late Quaternary offset, new earthquake ruptures and surface-rupturing segmentation, from which long-term slip rates and earthquake recurrence intervals on the fault are estimated. The tectonic geomorphology method has determined that the long-term horizontal slip rates on the Tuosuohu, Maqin and Maqu segments from west to east are 11.2±1, 9.3±2, and 4.9±1.3 mm/a while their vertical slip rates are 1.2±0.2, 0.7±0.1, and 0.3 mm/a in the late Quaternary. Results indicate that the slip rates regularly decrease along the eastern ~300 km of the fault from >10 to <5 mm/a. This is consistent with the decrease in the gradient such that at the slip rate break point is at the triple point intersection with the transverse fault, which in turn is transformed to the Awancang Fault. The vector decomposition for this tectonic transformation shows that the western and eastern branches of the Awancang Fault fit the slip-partitioning mode. The slip rate of the southwestern wall is 4.6 mm/a relative to the northeastern wall and the slip direction is 112.1°. The mid-eastern part of the Kunlun Fault can be divided into three independent segments by the A'nyêmaqên double restraining bend and the Xigongzhou intersection zone, which compose the surface rupture segmentation indicators for themselves as well as the ending point of the 1937 M7.5 Tuosuohu earthquake. The average recurrence interval of the characteristic earthquakes are estimated to be 500-1000 a, respectively. The latest earthquake ruptures occurred in AD 1937 on the western Tuosuohu segment, as compared to ~514-534 a BP on the Maqin segment, and ~1055 to 1524 a BP on the Maqu segment. This may indicate a unidirectional migration for surface rupturing earthquakes along the mid-eastern Kunlun Fault related to stress triggered between these segments. Meanwhile, the long-term slip rate is obtained through the single event offset and the recurrence interval, which turn out to be the same results as those determined by the offset tectonic geomorphology method, i.e., the decreasing gradient corresponds to the geometrical bending and the fault's intersection with the transverse fault. Therefore, the falling slip rate gradient of the mid-eastern Kunlun Fault is mainly caused by eastward extension of the fault and its intersection with the transverse fault. mid-eastern Kunlun Fault, s...

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Tectonics of strike-slip restraining and releasing bends

Cited by 291 publications

References 89 publications

Structural analysis of S-wave seismics around an urban sinkhole: evidence of enhanced dissolution in a strike-slip fault zone

Structural analysis of S-wave seismics around an urban sinkhole: evidence of enhanced dissolution in a strike-slip fault zone

Tectonic classification of Cenozoic Iberian foreland basins

Rupture segmentation and slip partitioning of the mid-eastern part of the Kunlun Fault, north Tibetan Plateau

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