Tectonic study of the Sub-Himalayas based on geophysical data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and northern Pakistan

Khan, Muhammad Rustam; Hameed, Fazal; Mughal, Muhammad Saleem; Basharat, Muhammad; Mustafa, Sohail

doi:10.1007/s12583-016-0681-9

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Focal mechanism provisions are not all around compelled yet showing regularly the invert slip on a shallow or steeply plunging fault (e.g., USGS). Shallow east-west striking converse faulting is steady with the tectonics of the area [11]. The EQs and the active faults in northern Pakistan and the adjacent parts of India and Afghanistan are the immediate outcomes of this impact.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 96%

Possible Atmosphere and Ionospheric Anomalies of the 2019 Pakistan Earthquake Using Statistical and Machine Learning Procedures on MODIS LST, GPS TEC, and GIM TEC

Hafeez¹,

Shah²,

Ehsan³

et al. 2021

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observations Remote Sensing

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Identifying atmospheric and ionospheric anomalies based on remote sensing satellites has contributed highly to develop the hypothesis of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling (LAIC) over the Earthquake (EQ) epicenter during the seismic preparation period. This paper has investigated the variations of potential EQ precursor in daytime and nighttime Land Surface Temperature (LST) before and after the 2019 Pakistan EQ from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite. The nighttime LST values of MODIS exhibit temporal anomalies during nighttime period within a time window of 5 days before and after the main shock day. Furthermore, the LST values predicted by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) validate the significant enhancement in nighttime time series of MODIS. The nighttime LST anomalies obtained from the observation and ANN prediction are more than 20% and 7% of normal distribution beyond the confidence bounds, respectively, within 5 days after the main shock. Likewise, the ionospheric anomaly from daily Total Electron Content (TEC) values at Sukkur Global Positioning System (GPS) station confirms the EQ associated ionospheric perturbations on the day after the main shock. The Global Ionospheric Maps (GIMs) also show the TEC anomalies during 1000-1400 LT on September 25, 2019.

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 96%

Possible Atmosphere and Ionospheric Anomalies of the 2019 Pakistan Earthquake Using Statistical and Machine Learning Procedures on MODIS LST, GPS TEC, and GIM TEC

Hafeez¹,

Shah²,

Ehsan³

et al. 2021

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observations Remote Sensing

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“…The Himalayan arc as a whole is seismically active, and recent geodetic studies based primarily on GPS measurements in the eastern, central, and western Himalayas found that the rate of convergence, strain accumulation, and deformation of the Indian Plate varies significantly in different segments, both parallel and orthogonal (Ader et al, 2012;Banerjee et al, 2008;Bisht et al, 2021;Dumka et al, 2014Dumka et al, , 2018Jade et al, 2014Jade et al, , 2017Jouanne et al, 2014Jouanne et al, , 2020Kundu et al, 2014;Sharma et al, 2021). The crustal shortening and convergence across the western Himalayas have been accommodated by several thrust and strike-slip faults such as Main Central Thrust (MCT), Panjal Thrust (PT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), Jhelum strike-slip Fault (JF), Kashmir Boundary Thrust (KBT), Riasi Thrust (RT), Nathia Gali Thrust (NT) and Salt Range Thrust (SRT) (M. R. Khan et al, 2016;Figure 1b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent examples of these earthquakes in the research area included the 2005 Kashmir earthquake (Mw = 7.6) and the 1974 Pattan earthquake (Mw = 6.2), which shake the entire region badly. The Indus Kohistan Seismic Zone (IKSZ) is considered responsible for both earthquakes (Ambraseys et al, 1981;Gahalaut, 2009; M. R. Khan et al, 2016Khan et al, , 2018MonaLisa., 2009;Pennington et al, 1979). Nevertheless, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake reached the surface along the KBT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ongoing continental‐to‐continental collision between Indian and Eurasian plates makes the entire northern Pakistan a tectonically complex landscape (Pêcher et al, 2008; Searle et al, 1999). The collision not only deformed the sedimentary and meta‐sedimentary rocks of the leading margin of the Indian Plate but also affected the basement rocks of the plate (M. R. Khan et al, 2016; Seeber et al, 1981; Treloar, Coward, et al, 1989; Yin & Harrison, 2000). Northern Pakistan consists of three major crustal blocks that run north to south; the Eurasian Plate, the Kohistan Island Arc (KIA), and the Indian Plate (Burg, 2011; Coward et al, 1986, 1987; DiPietro & Pogue, 2004) (Figure 1a,b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The red polygon represents the extent of (b). (b) The tectonic map of northern Pakistan compiled after Calkins et al (1975); Chaudhry et al (1997); Khan et al (2016); Searle and Khan (1996); Wadia (1931) and references therein. The black polygon represents the study area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crustal study based on integrated geophysical techniques in the Northwestern Himalayas, Pakistan

2023

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The present research aims to explicate the tectonics of the northwest Himalayas, Pakistan, based on integrated gravity, magnetic and earthquake data. The raw gravity and magnetic data were processed, and seven isoanomaly maps were prepared for qualitative interpretation, whereas a gravity model was prepared along the selected profile for quantitative interpretation. The local earthquake data have also been used to identify the various seismogenic layers in the subsurface and to understand how seismicity relates to regional structural features. Three northwest-trending thickskinned blind basement faults are identified from the present study, namely the Indus Kohistan Seismic Zone (IKSZ), Bagh Basement Fault and Hazara Lower Seismic Zone. The IKSZ is the tectonically most active among them and responsible for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake (Mw = 7.6) and 1974 Pattan earthquake (Mw = 6.2) in the region. The present study also delineated the prominent location of the Main Central Thrust in which the high-grade metamorphic rocks of Higher Himalayan Crystalline thrust over low-grade metamorphic rocks of Lesser Himalayas along this thickskinned fault. The field evidence such as ductile deformation, zone of inverted metamorphism, and brittle deformation also confirm this location. The sharp bending of the crystalline crust, as well as deep basement just south of Kohistan Island Arc (KIA), indicate that the high density and susceptibility rocks of this arc thrust on the leading margin of the Indian Plate along the Main Mantle Thrust. This thrust fault is a major suture zone separating the KIA in the north from the Indian Plate in the south. The other faults in the region exist in the sedimentary/meta-sedimentary wedge and are thin-skinned. It is inferred from the current investigation that the study area exhibits a composite style of deformation. Moreover, the gravity model combined with earthquake data suggested the existence of multiple décollement zones below the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis. The model envisaged an increase in the thickness of the Indian Plate continental crust in the northeast direction.

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Observing tectonic-geomorphological changes along the Dawki Fault and adjoining areas of Sylhet, Bangladesh from 1980 to 2020 using remote sensing and GIS techniques

2022

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Tectonic study of the Sub-Himalayas based on geophysical data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and northern Pakistan

Cited by 12 publications

References 8 publications

Possible Atmosphere and Ionospheric Anomalies of the 2019 Pakistan Earthquake Using Statistical and Machine Learning Procedures on MODIS LST, GPS TEC, and GIM TEC

Possible Atmosphere and Ionospheric Anomalies of the 2019 Pakistan Earthquake Using Statistical and Machine Learning Procedures on MODIS LST, GPS TEC, and GIM TEC

Crustal study based on integrated geophysical techniques in the Northwestern Himalayas, Pakistan

Observing tectonic-geomorphological changes along the Dawki Fault and adjoining areas of Sylhet, Bangladesh from 1980 to 2020 using remote sensing and GIS techniques

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