Tectonic impact on the fluvial deposits of Plio-Pleistocene Himalayan foreland basin, India

Kumar, Ram; Ghosh, Sumit; Mazari, R. K.; Sangode, S. J.

doi:10.1016/s0037-0738(02)00267-1

Cited by 76 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…showing various lithotectonic units and the major fault/thrust planes (modified after Raiverman et al 1983;Kumar et al 2003), forming the Himalayan front in the study area around Nainital. Rocks of different ages are separated by major thrust planes starting from south by Himalayan Frontal Fault (HFF), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Central Thrust (MCT).…”

Section: Fig 2 Geological Mapmentioning

confidence: 98%

Sedimentation model of gravel-dominated alluvial piedmont fan, Ganga Plain, India

Shukla

2007

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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The Piedmont Zone of the Indo-Gangetic Plain contains numerous, laterally coalescing small alluvial fans. The Latest Pleistocene-Holocene 30 km long Gaula Fan can be divided into gravelly proximal fan (0-14 km downstream), gravel-sand rich mid fan (14-22 km) and sandmud dominated distal fan (22-30 km). The fan succession is composed of two fan expansion cycles A and B. Separated by an undulatory erosional contact of regional extent, cycle A is characterized by river borne clast-supported gravelly deposits, and the overlying fan expansion cycle B by matrix-supported gravely debris flows. The main process behind fan development has been lateral migration of channels over the fan surface probably due to rapid sedimentation caused by increased sediment supply, and the fluctuating water budget in response to changing climate. The water laid expansion cycle A represents a humid phase. The debris flow deposits of expansion cycle B suggest a dry phase. Approximately between 8 and 3 Ka, cycle B also indicates a phase of tectonic instability in the Siwalik Hills forming the mountain front. The tectonic activity caused incision of rivers into the fan surface, and in turn resulted in reduced fan-building activity. At present the fan surface is accreting by sheet flow processes.

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Section: Fig 2 Geological Mapmentioning

confidence: 98%

Sedimentation model of gravel-dominated alluvial piedmont fan, Ganga Plain, India

Shukla

2007

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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“…They proposed that the central part of the Taiwan foreland basin (Taichung foreland basin) resulted from thrusting of the Shuangtung and the Chelungpu faults. It has been recognized that the foreland sub-basins formed along the strike of the orogen (Covey 1984;Kumar et al 2003) rather than sequentially normal to the strike of the orogen. Apparently, the model proposed by Chen et al (1999) is different from that proposed by Covey (1986) for the Taiwan foreland basin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratigraphic Architecture and Lithofacies Analysis: Evidence for Development of the Pliocene-Holocene Taichung Foreland Basin, Central Taiwan

Kao¹,

Hong²,

Yu³

et al. 2013

Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci.

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The Taichung foreland basin, sub-basin of the Taiwan foreland basin, has developed since Pliocene. We studied stratigraphic architecture and the lithofacies of the Taichung basin in detail. We recognized eleven lithofacies, which are grouped into ten facies associations. Based on facies association analysis, we suggest that the development of the Taichung basin can be divided into four stages accompanied by syn-depositional deformation characterized by westward propagating thrust faults.Prior to 2.78 Ma, the basin was characterized by offshore environment during underfilled stage. Later, the Shuangtung Fault located to the east of the Western Foothills began to thrust westward and uplifted the Tertiary strata, which supplied sediments to basin between the Shuangtung and Chelungpu faults in initial filled stage. About 1 Ma, the Chelungpu Fault started to thrust westward and uplifted the Western Foothills, which shed fluvial sediments to fill basin between the Chelungpu and Tachia faults. After 0.46 Ma, the Tachia Fault began to thrust westward and strata immediately to the east of the Tachia Fault were uplifted to form ramps, producing Houli and Tatushan tablelands. The basin-filling reached the overfilled stage when the Chingshui Coastal Plain is dominated with fluvial facies.The Taichung foreland basin is bounded by Tachia and Shuangtung faults with the Chelungpu Fault in the middle and formed by active, sequentially propagating westward thrust faults from Pliocene to Pleistocene. The youngest Tachia Fault carried the piggyback basin in front of the older Chelungpu Fault, representing similar style to piggyback basins of the Po Basin and the Ebro Basin in Europe.

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“…Besides, the Doon valley is a watershed bounded by the Ganga in the east and Yamuna in the west with many tributaries that traverse the valley longitudinally and several seasonal streams (rau). Hence sediments in the Dehradun were deposited by multilateral, multiple braided channel system having high rate of aggradation and high avulsion frequency (Kumar et al 2003). The rock system through which these rivers and their tributaries flow is bouldery conglomerate inter-bedded with variable thickened bands of ferruginous clay and of sandstone of the upper Siwalik or tertiary age, which towards the northern side of the valley consist of quartzite and schists overlain by the large scree deposits.…”

Section: Sand Minerals and Weathering And Depositional Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All the profiles lie in the foothills of Siwaliks in the south and that of Lesser Himalayas in the north and hence their source lies in the rocks of these formations. A number of studies state the role of alluvial-fluvial-colluvial depositional conditions in sediment enrichments of the Doon valley (Nossin 1971;Nakata 1972;Kumar and Ghosh 1991;Kumar et al 2003;Suresh et al 2004). Lithostratigraphy of Dehradun shows that the various geological units of the valley belongs to recent alluvium, which occupy a major share of the Doon valley to Late Pliocene to Middle Miocene Siwaliks, hard and soft sandstones interbedded with mudstones, boulders and conglomerates and pretertiary (Lesser Himalaya) sandstones, quartzites, slates and phyllites (Thakur 1995).…”

Section: Sand Minerals and Weathering And Depositional Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lithostratigraphy of Dehradun shows that the various geological units of the valley belongs to recent alluvium, which occupy a major share of the Doon valley to Late Pliocene to Middle Miocene Siwaliks, hard and soft sandstones interbedded with mudstones, boulders and conglomerates and pretertiary (Lesser Himalaya) sandstones, quartzites, slates and phyllites (Thakur 1995). Garnet, tourmaline, hornblende are constituents of the Siwalik group of rocks (Wadia 1966;Raju and Dehadrai 1962) and fluvial sediments of the Siwaliks are composed dominantly of quartz, feldspar, micaceous minerals, and non-opaques, zircon, rutile, tourmaline (Kumar et al 2003;Suresh et al 2004). Almost identical mineralogy of rock formation of the Lesser Himalayas in the north of the Dehradun valley (Raina et al 2000;Husain 2006) and in the fine sand fractions has been noticed (Raina et al 1998).…”

Section: Sand Minerals and Weathering And Depositional Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sand and clay mineralogy of sal forest soils of the Doon Siwalik Himalayas

et al. 2011

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The peteromineralogical characterization of the soil was carried out for the 12 soil profiles exposed in the Shorea robusta dominated forests of the Siwalik forest division, Dehradun. The quartz was observed as the dominating light mineral fraction (64-80%) in all the profiles studied. Biotite, hornblende, zircon, tourmaline, rutile and opaques comprising of iron minerals constituted the heavy mineral fraction (20%). The mineralogy of both the sand and clay fractions revealed a mixed mineralogy. The clay minerals in the order of their dominance were vermiculite, illite, kaolinite and mixed layer minerals. The presence of vermiculite and illite in appreciable quantities indicates that these were synthesized from the K-rich soil solution, as orthoclase and micas were present in significant quantities in the sand minerals. The mineral suites identified in the study shows that the geological, climatological and topographical factors of the region collectively played a dominant role in their formation and transformation. After critical appraisal of the results, it may be deduced that the mineralogical composition, physicochemical properties and total elemental analysis of the soils do not show any deficiency of the bases and other plant nutrients in general. The inherent fertility of the soil is good as indicated by the sand and clay mineralogy of the soil and the biotite and feldspar together with the mica is an important source of nutrients for the vegetation in the soils of the Doon valley.

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Tectonic impact on the fluvial deposits of Plio-Pleistocene Himalayan foreland basin, India

Cited by 76 publications

References 44 publications

Sedimentation model of gravel-dominated alluvial piedmont fan, Ganga Plain, India

Sedimentation model of gravel-dominated alluvial piedmont fan, Ganga Plain, India

Stratigraphic Architecture and Lithofacies Analysis: Evidence for Development of the Pliocene-Holocene Taichung Foreland Basin, Central Taiwan

Sand and clay mineralogy of sal forest soils of the Doon Siwalik Himalayas

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