Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan thrust belt in western Nepal: Implications for channel flow models

Robinson, Delores M.; DeCelles, Peter G.; Copeland, Peter

doi:10.1130/b25911.1

Cited by 266 publications

(230 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…Direct coupling of erosion rates and exhumation is a prediction of the popular channel flow model for Himalaya evolution (Beaumont et al, 2001;Hodges, 2006). Such coupling would also be applicable to some tectonic wedge models for structural evolution (Robinson et al, 2006) and is not unique to the Himalaya (Willett, 1999). Because Site U1456 is located in the distal fan and we estimated reasonably high sedimentation rates based on seismic ties to industrial wells with age control on the outer western continental shelf of India, the site was also designed to document high-resolution changes in weathering, erosion, and paleoenvironment during the Quaternary that can be related to millennial-scale monsoonal changes linked to insolation and ice sheetrelated forcing.…”

Section: Background and Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pandey

Clift

Kulhanek

et al. 2015

International Ocean Discovery Program Preliminary Report

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The Indian (southwest) summer monsoon is one of the most intense climatic phenomena on Earth. Its long-term development has been linked to the growth of high topography in South and Central Asia. The Indian continental margin, adjoining the Arabian Sea, offers a unique opportunity to investigate tectonic-climatic interactions and the net impact of these processes on weathering and erosion of the western Himalaya. During International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 355, two sites (U1456 and U1457) were drilled in Laxmi Basin in the eastern Arabian Sea to document the coevolution of mountain building, weathering, erosion, and climate over a range of timescales. In addition, recovering basement from the eastern Arabian Sea provides constraints on the early rifting history of the western continental margin of India with special emphasis on continental breakup between India and the Seychelles and its relationship to the plume-related volcanism of the Deccan Plateau.Drilling and coring operations during Expedition 355 recovered sediment from Sites U1456 and U1457 in the Laxmi Basin, penetrating 1109.4 and 1108.6 m below seafloor (mbsf ), respectively. Drilling reached sediment dated to 13.5-17.7 Ma (late early to early middle Miocene) at Site U1456, although with a large hiatus between the lowermost sediment and overlying deposits dated to <10.9 Ma. At Site U1457, a much longer hiatus occurs near the base of the cored section, spanning from 10.9 to ~62 Ma. At both sites, hiatuses span ~8.2-9.2 and ~3.6-5.6 Ma, with a possible condensed section spanning ~2.0-2.6 Ma, although the total duration for each hiatus is slightly different between the two sites.A major submarine fan draining the western Himalaya and Karakoram must have been supplying sediment to the eastern Arabian Sea since at least ~17 Ma. Sand mineral assemblages indicate that the Greater Himalayan Crystalline Sequence was fully exposed to the surface by this time. Most of the recovered sediment appears to be derived from the Indus River and includes minerals that are unique to the Indus Suture Zone, in particular glaucophane and hypersthene, most likely originating from the structural base of the Kohistan arc. Pliocene sandy intervals at Site U1456 were deposited in lower fan "sheet lobe" settings, with intervals of basin plain turbidites separated by hemipelagic muddy sections deposited during the Miocene. Site U1457 is more distal in facies, reflecting its more marginal setting. No major active lobe appears to have affected the Laxmi Basin since the Middle Pleistocene (~1.2 Ma).We succeeded in recovering sections spanning the 8 Ma climatic transition, when monsoon intensity is believed to have changed strongly, although the nature of this change awaits postcruise analysis. We also recovered sediment from a large mass transport deposit measuring ~330 and ~190 m thick at Sites U1456 and U1457, respectively. This section includes an upper sequence of slump-folded muddy and silty rocks, as well as underlying calcarenites and limestone breccias, to...

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Section: Background and Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pandey

Clift

Kulhanek

et al. 2015

International Ocean Discovery Program Preliminary Report

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“…Prior to collision, north-dipping subduction of the Indian oceanic slab accounted for the Trans-Himalayan (Gangdese-Ladakh-Kohistan) magmatic arc and associated retroarc shortening (Burg et al, 1983;England and Searle, 1986;Kapp et al, 2007;Leier et al, 2007a). Based on structural restorations, total shortening during the India-Asia collision is estimated at 600-750 km for the Himalayas (DeCelles et al, 1998, 2002Robinson et al, 2006) and roughly 500-750 km across the Tibetan plateau (Murphy et al, 1997;Yin and Harrison, 2000;Kapp et al, 2005). Although paleomagnetic data suggest much greater north-south convergence (up to 2500 km) between Tibet and the stable Asian interior (Achache et al, 1984), structural restorations cannot account for such large values.…”

Section: Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cenozoic Evolution of Hinterland Basins in the Andes and Tibet

Horton

2011

Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins

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Sedimentary basins have been generated in hinterland regions of the Andean and Himalayan-Tibetan orogens during Cenozoic plate convergence. These hinterland basins record nonmarine sediment accumulation (commonly in high-elevation, lowrelief, internally drained, arid/semiarid settings) during protracted deformation and surface uplift of continental crust. In South America, Andean hinterland basins are produced between the western magmatic arc and craton-directed fold-thrust belt to the east. In the India-Asia collision zone, hinterland basins develop as elements of the growing Tibetan plateau between the Himalayan thrust belt and Asian plate interior to the north. Hinterland sedimentary basins in the Andes and Tibet are distinguished from foreland basins adjacent to their respective fold-thrust belts by structural position, elevation, and stratigraphic evolution. Sediment accommodation in these hinterland basins is created by flexure, fault-induced subsidence, and topographic ponding, with common examples of remnant foreland basins succeeded by younger hinterland basins.

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“…Progressive convergence and crustal thickening triggered extrusion of the ductile and weak Greater Himalayan Sequence between the South Tibetan Detachment and the Main Central Thrust, which transported the Greater Himalayan Sequence 140-500 km over the previously proximal Lesser Himalayan rocks that originally lay to the south (Dewey et al 1989;Schelling & Arita 1991;Brookfield 1993;Robinson et al 2006;Tobgay et al 2012;Webb 2013). The ductile deformation and associated inverted metamorphism in the footwall of the Main Central Thrust suggest that some Daling sediments were both strongly deformed and heated during Main Central Thrust motion, as heat was transferred from the hotter Greater Himalayan Sequence rocks above.…”

Section: Provenance and Tectonic Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tectonic interleaving along the Main Central Thrust, Sikkim Himalaya

Mottram

Argles

Harris

et al. 2014

JGS

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Geochemical and geochronological analyses provide quantitative evidence about the origin, development and motion along ductile faults, where kinematic structures have been overprinted. The Main Central Thrust is a key structure in the Himalaya that accommodated substantial amounts of the India-Asia convergence. This structure juxtaposes two isotopically distinct rock packages across a zone of ductile deformation. Structural analysis, whole-rock Nd isotopes, and u-Pb zircon geochronology reveal that the hanging wall is characterized by detrital zircon peaks at c.

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Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan thrust belt in western Nepal: Implications for channel flow models

Cited by 266 publications

References 108 publications

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Cenozoic Evolution of Hinterland Basins in the Andes and Tibet

Tectonic interleaving along the Main Central Thrust, Sikkim Himalaya

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