Tectonic activity as a significant source of crustal tetrafluoromethane emissions to the atmosphere: Observations in groundwaters along the San Andreas Fault

Deeds, Daniel A.; Kulongoski, Justin T.; Mühle, Jens; Weiss, Ray F.

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.016

Cited by 9 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Tentative evidence from the literature supports this notion. Gases trapped within rocks can be released by mechanical grinding (Zhang et al, 2014;Deeds et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2015). For example, crystalline rocks, such as granitoids, which constitute the major basement rocks beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet, contain gases (e.g., hydrocarbons) trapped within their minerals' crystal structure or within fluid inclusions (Potter and Konnerup-Madsen, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glacial Erosion Liberates Lithologic Energy Sources for Microbes and Acidity for Chemical Weathering Beneath Glaciers and Ice Sheets

et al. 2018

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glacial Erosion Liberates Lithologic Energy Sources for Microbes and Acidity for Chemical Weathering Beneath Glaciers and Ice Sheets

et al. 2018

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“…CHF 2 Cl is expected to results in a similar ECD signal intensity due to its similar structure (same amount of ECD sensitive atoms: 2 F and 1 Cl and similar size). For comparison, the CFC‐13 concentration in 1 L water equilibrated with present‐day air (at 5.3 pptv CFC‐13, 12.5°C, 10 m elevation, using solubility data from Deeds []) is equivalent to 6.17 fmol, which is just at LOD reported by Rosiek et al . [] and far below the LOD estimated in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Our results, which included both a custom gas containing Halon‐1301 and excluding CFC‐13, and vice versa, provide more compelling evidence to confirm Rosiek et al's conclusion. Additionally, our analysis of 1 L water samples showed that the signal at 2.9 min is commiserate with the expected signal from Halon‐1301 at atmospheric 2013 levels [ Deeds , ], while if it was CFC‐13, atmospheric concentrations would have to be more than double the 2013 value. These results further support our finding that the compound previously identified as CFC‐13 is actually Halon‐1301.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…This paper presents Halon‐1301 (CF 3 Br) as a potential new groundwater age tracer. Halon‐1301 is a gaseous compound and is soluble in water (saturation: 30 mg/L at 20°C, in contact with modern air (3.15 pptv): 7.4 fmol/L at 20°C, 10 m elevation) [ Deeds , ]. It is highly inert and stable up to 150°C in the presence of a number of metallic materials used in storage facilities [ Peacock et al ., ; Fraser et al ., 1999].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential groundwater age tracer found: Halon‐1301 (CF₃Br), as previously identified as CFC‐13 (CF₃Cl)

Beyer

Raaij

Morgenstern

et al. 2014

Water Resources Research

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Groundwater dating using anthropogenic and natural tracer substances is a powerful tool for understanding groundwater dynamics for improved management of groundwater resources. Due to limitations in individual dating methods, often multiple tracers are used to reduce ambiguities. It is commonly accepted that there is a need for further complementary age tracers, in addition to current ones (e.g., tritium, SF 6 , and CFCs). We propose a potential new groundwater age tracer, Halon-1301 (CF 3 Br), which can easily be determined using gas chromatography with an attached electron capture detector (GC/ECD) developed by Busenberg and Plummer (2008). Its peak was noted by Busenberg and Plummer (2008), but they believed it to be CFC-13 (CF 3 Cl) at that time. We performed rigorous tests on gases containing or excluding Halon-1301 and CFC-13 and modern water samples and concluded that the two compounds have extremely similar retention times. Additionally, we found that the ECD response of CFC-13 is far too low to be detected in groundwater or air using standard volumes and sampling techniques. However, the peak areas and concentrations Busenberg and Plummer (2008) reported are in line with what would be expected for Halon-1301. Thus, we are confident that the peak formerly identified as CFC-13 is actually Halon-1301. Busenberg agrees with our findings. We further suggest that Halon-1301 has potential as a (complementary) age tracer, due to its established atmospheric history, and could hypothetically be used to date groundwater recharged in the 1970s or onward. We discuss known relevant properties, such as solubility and stability of Halon-1301 in the context of how these effect its potential application as a groundwater age tracer. Some open questions remain concerning how conservative Halon-1301 is-is it subject to degradation, retardation, and/or local contamination in groundwater. We are confident that Halon-1301 possesses important tracer relevant properties, but further work is required to fully assess its applicability and reliability as a groundwater age tracer in different groundwater environments.

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“…The first atmospheric measurements of PFC-14 were made by Rasmussen et al (1979). It has a background atmospheric concentration due to its natural source from the rocks and soils, especially tectonic activity (Deeds et al, 2015). The pre-industrial level was 34.05 ± 0.33 ppt for PFC-14 (Trudinger et al, 2016).…”

Section: Pfc-14mentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Annual Mean Atmospheric Histories, Growth Rates and Seawater Solubility Estimations of the Halogenated Compounds HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116

Mühle

Montzka

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. We present consistent annual mean atmospheric histories and growth rates for the mainly anthropogenic halogenated compounds HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116, all potentially useful oceanic transient tracers (tracers of water transport within the ocean), for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere with the aim of providing input histories for these compounds. Where available we utilize observations of the halogenated compounds made by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and University of East Anglia (UEA). Prior to the direct observational record we estimated the atmospheric history concentrations from other sources such as archived air measurements, firn air measurements and published model calculations. The results show that the atmospheric mole fractions for each species have been increasing since they were initially produced. Recently, their atmospheric growth rates are decreasing for HCFCs (HCFC-22, HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b), increasing for HFCs (HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23), and stable with small fluctuation for PFCs (PFC-14 and PFC-116). The atmospheric histories (source functions) and natural background values show that HCFCs (HCFC-22, HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b) and HFCs (HFC-134a, HFC-125 and HFC-23) have the potential to be oceanic transient tracers for the next few decades only because of the recently imposed bans on production. When the atmospheric histories of the compounds are not monotonically changing, the equilibrium atmospheric concentrations (and ultimately the age associated with that concentration) calculated from their concentration in the ocean are not unique, reducing the potential as transient tracer. Moreover, HFCs have potential to be oceanic transient tracers for a longer period in the future than HCFCs as the growth rates of HFCs are increasing and those of HCFCs are decreasing in the background atmosphere. PFC-14 and PFC-116, however, have the potential to be the tracers for longer period in the future thanks to their extremely long lifetimes, steady atmospheric growth rates and no explicit ban. In this work, we also derive solubility functions for HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116 in seawater to facilitate the use as oceanic transient tracers. These functions are based on the Clark-Glew-Weiss (CGW) water solubility functions fit and salting-out coefficients estimated by the poly-parameter linear free energy relationships (pp-LFERs). Here we also provide three methods of seawater solubility estimation for more compounds.

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Tectonic activity as a significant source of crustal tetrafluoromethane emissions to the atmosphere: Observations in groundwaters along the San Andreas Fault

Cited by 9 publications

References 45 publications

Glacial Erosion Liberates Lithologic Energy Sources for Microbes and Acidity for Chemical Weathering Beneath Glaciers and Ice Sheets

Glacial Erosion Liberates Lithologic Energy Sources for Microbes and Acidity for Chemical Weathering Beneath Glaciers and Ice Sheets

Potential groundwater age tracer found: Halon‐1301 (CF₃Br), as previously identified as CFC‐13 (CF₃Cl)

Global Annual Mean Atmospheric Histories, Growth Rates and Seawater Solubility Estimations of the Halogenated Compounds HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116

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Tectonic activity as a significant source of crustal tetrafluoromethane emissions to the atmosphere: Observations in groundwaters along the San Andreas Fault

Cited by 9 publications

References 45 publications

Glacial Erosion Liberates Lithologic Energy Sources for Microbes and Acidity for Chemical Weathering Beneath Glaciers and Ice Sheets

Glacial Erosion Liberates Lithologic Energy Sources for Microbes and Acidity for Chemical Weathering Beneath Glaciers and Ice Sheets

Potential groundwater age tracer found: Halon‐1301 (CF3Br), as previously identified as CFC‐13 (CF3Cl)

Global Annual Mean Atmospheric Histories, Growth Rates and Seawater Solubility Estimations of the Halogenated Compounds HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116

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Potential groundwater age tracer found: Halon‐1301 (CF₃Br), as previously identified as CFC‐13 (CF₃Cl)