Tectal codification of eye movements in goldfish studied by electrical microstimulation

Salas, Cosme; Herrero, L.; Rodrı́guez, Fernando; Torres, Blas

doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(97)83048-5

Cited by 56 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…This system is able to record eye position and movements within a wide oculomotor range (for the case of goldfish, about 30°). Furthermore, the time course of movements and their velocity profiles show the features of the eye displacements recorded by other methodologies in both goldfish (Salas, Herrero, Rodriguez, & Torres, 1997;Salas, Navarro, Torres, & Delgado-Garcia, 1992) and other vertebrates (Fuchs, 1967). Thus, the amplitude versus velocity and amplitude versus duration relationships showed logarithmic and linear adjusts, respectively (Figure 4), and these relationships show the same characteristics in gain and shape as those previously reported in goldfish (Salas et al, 1997;Salas et a1., 1992) and other vertebrates, including humans (Fuchs, 1967), using the search coil technique.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Furthermore, the time course of movements and their velocity profiles show the features of the eye displacements recorded by other methodologies in both goldfish (Salas, Herrero, Rodriguez, & Torres, 1997;Salas, Navarro, Torres, & Delgado-Garcia, 1992) and other vertebrates (Fuchs, 1967). Thus, the amplitude versus velocity and amplitude versus duration relationships showed logarithmic and linear adjusts, respectively (Figure 4), and these relationships show the same characteristics in gain and shape as those previously reported in goldfish (Salas et al, 1997;Salas et a1., 1992) and other vertebrates, including humans (Fuchs, 1967), using the search coil technique. In addition, the records were stable, as was indicated by both the trace during the ocular fixation ( Figure 3A), and the center of the oculomotor range, obtained as the middle of the eye position after 15 min of recording, did not drift over the experimental session (duration of sessions, 3-6 h); the gain of eye movements during vestibular and optokinetic stimulations was as that reported previously (Keng & Anastasio, 1997;Salas et a1., 1992) and was irrespective of turn direction (Figures 3B-3C).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

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A method for measuring eye movements using Hall-effect devices

Salas

Torres

Rodrı́guez

1999

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

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A system for precise recording of eye position and movements in laboratory animals, by means of Hall-effect devices, is described. The system, useful in neurophysiological and neurobehavioral studies, allows the analysis of saccadic eye movements, optokinetic-and vestibular-induced nystagmus, slow tracking movements, eye vergences, and so forth. This small, light-weight, and inexpensive system uses a set of Hall-effect devices and associated electronics to sense variations in the position of high-power magnets fixed in the eye sclera or in scleral contact lenses. The output of the Hall-effect devices is amplified by operational amplifiers, collected through an AID converter, and analyzed in a PC computer by specific software.The systems for tracking eye movements and positions have a wide application in different research and clinical areas, such as neurophysiology, psychobiology, or clinical and experimental neurology. A number of different methods for measuring eye movements have been developed to date, such as electro-oculography (Watanabe & Takeda, 1996; Young & Sheena, 1975a), the search coil technique (Robinson, 1963;Schlag, Merker, & Schlag-Rey, 1983), infrared light corneal or scleral reflecting systems (Bach, Bouis, & Fischer, 1983;Eizenman, Frecker, & Hallett, 1984;Reulen et al., 1988;Young & Sheena, 1975b), videooculography (Discenna, Das, Zivotofsky, Seidman, & Leigh, 1995Ott, Gehle, & Eckmiller, 1990), and laserophthalmoscopy Ott, Lades, Holthoff, & Eckmiller, 1990). Each of these techniques presents advantages, limitations, and inconveniences. Thus, among the most widespread methods, electro-oculography presents the advantage ofeasy application and lower cost, but also limitations of bandwidth, low stability, and contamination by nonocular events. The search coil technique presents long-term stability and high resolution but some inconveniences, such as the difficult ocular coil implantation, the presence of wire leads, the interference of alternating magnetic fields on the simultaneous recording of other neurophysiological variables, and high cost.The present paper describes an inexpensive system using Hall-effect sensors for precisely measuring the horizontal and vertical components of eye movements such as saccades, optokinetic-and vestibular-induced nystagmus, slow tracking movements, eye vergence, and so forth. The Hall effect consists in the generation of a voltage across an electrical conductor carrying current when it is placed in a magnetic field. Thus, the Hall-effect sensors produce an output voltage that changes in proportion to the intensity ofthe surrounding magnetic field. In the present application the magnetic field is provided by a small magnet attached to the eye sclera. The system described here has some advantages over existing tracking methods, because it provides a degree ofprecision, resolution, and dynamic range similar to the most precise and widely used methods, but is small, light weight, and technically simple. In addition, this system allows the recording of eye movem...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

A method for measuring eye movements using Hall-effect devices

Salas

Torres

Rodrı́guez

1999

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

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“…2A). A similar reversal of direction of tectum-induced eye movements was also described in barn owl (du Lac and Knudsen 1990) and goldfish (Salas et al 1997) but not in the monkey (Robinson 1972).…”

Section: Horizontal Orienting Movements Combined With Locomotion: Typsupporting

confidence: 75%

Tectal Control of Locomotion, Steering, and Eye Movements in Lamprey

Saitoh

Ménard

Grillner

2007

Journal of Neurophysiology

101

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Saitoh K, Ménard A, Grillner S. Tectal control of locomotion, steering, and eye movements in lamprey. J Neurophysiol 97: 3093-3108, 2007. First published February 15, 2007 doi:10.1152/jn.00639.2006. The intrinsic function of the brain stem-spinal cord networks eliciting the locomotor synergy is well described in the lamprey-a vertebrate model system. This study addresses the role of tectum in integrating eye, body orientation, and locomotor movements as in steering and goal-directed behavior. Electrical stimuli were applied to different areas within the optic tectum in head-restrained semi-intact lampreys (n ϭ 40). Motions of the eyes and body were recorded simultaneously (videotaped). Brief pulse trains (Ͻ0.5 s) elicited only eye movements, but with longer stimuli (Ͼ0.5 s) lateral bending movements of the body (orientation movements) were added, and with even longer stimuli locomotor movements were initiated. Depending on the tectal area stimulated, four characteristic response patterns were observed. In a lateral area conjugate horizontal eye movements combined with lateral bending movements of the body and locomotor movements were elicited, depending on stimulus duration. The amplitude of the eye movement and bending movements was site specific within this region. In a rostromedial area, bilateral downward vertical eye movements occurred. In a caudomedial tectal area, largeamplitude undulatory body movements akin to struggling behavior were elicited, combined with large-amplitude eye movements that were antiphasic to the body movements. The alternating eye movements were not dependent on vestibuloocular reflexes. Finally, in a caudolateral area locomotor movements without eye or bending movements could be elicited. These results show that tectum can provide integrated motor responses of eye, body orientation, and locomotion of the type that would be required in goal-directed locomotion.

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“…66) Thus, the coordinated firing with precise delay established in the retina would present useful visual information to the brain. In the goldfish visual system, the optic tectum has a topographical map, 36) and the midbrain (mesencephalic reticular) and the optic tectum have reciprocal circuits that regulate eye movements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During spontaneous eye movements in a natural environment, goldfish make horizontal (caudal-rostral) saccades faster than 967°/s (94.0 mm/s on the retina; 29),30) electrical stimulation of the goldfish tectum evoked horizontal but not vertical saccade 36) ). To elucidate whether the response modulation in Ft GCs is consistent with the characteristics of in vivo saccades, we first examined the preference to motion direction in Phase 2 (Fig.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%