Technological traditions inferred from iron artefacts of the Xiongnu Empire in Mongolia

Park, Jang-Sik; Eregzen, Gelegdorj; Yeruul-Erdene, Chimiddorj

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.002

Cited by 37 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The low-carbon regions, mainly ferrite (with small slag inclusions), had microhardness values of 139 ± 7 HV (head, split pin 1, section A, interior part) and 145 ± 8 HV (head, split pin 1, section C, interior), whereas the high-carbon regions, mainly pearlite (shank, split pin 1, section C, exterior) had a microhardness of 233 ± 14 HV (Table S5), as expected from the high carbon content (Park et al 2010). The heterogeneous microhardness, with higher hardness values on the external surface, indicated carburization.…”

Section: The Split Pinssupporting

confidence: 53%

“…The low-carbon layers of the shank of D2 (interior parts) had a microhardness of 141 ± 10 HV and the head (exterior part) microhardness was 210 ± 9 HV, as expected from the high carbon content (Park et al 2010). The heterogeneous microhardness of the higher hardness values on the external surface indicated carburization.…”

Section: Nailsmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…The fasteners had a heterogeneous microstructure exhibiting equiaxed ferrite, Widmanstätten ferrite, pearlite and slag inclusions, as is typical for wrought-iron objects produced by hot-forging (North et al 1976;Park et al 2010). Such glassy and wüstite inclusions may hint at the origin of the raw material (Park et al 2010). The presence of a Widmanstätten microstructure is an indication that the material had been shaped in the austenitic phase, followed by relatively rapid air-cooling (Eliyahu et al 2011).…”

Section: The Boltsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: The Boltsmentioning

confidence: 96%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A Box Containing Carpenter's Accessories from The Akko 1 Shipwreck, Israel: Archaeometallurgical Analysis of Surviving Ironwork

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Akko 1 shipwreck was an Egyptian armed vessel, built at the beginning of the 19th century. A wooden saw handle and a box containing iron nails and two split pins were discovered towards the stern. Given their function, location and context, these were part of the ship's carpenter's tools and accessories. A methodology was developed for conducting systematic metallurgical analysis in order to understand the manufacturing process of the surviving ironwork items, as well as to enlarge our knowledge regarding ironworking technologies during the early 19th century. Such methodology may assist in the future understanding of the technological evolution of similar wrought-iron objects. The results demonstrated that the artefacts have a wrought-iron heterogeneous microstructure and were manufactured by hot-working prior to surface hardening by pack carburization.

show abstract

Section: The Split Pinssupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Nailsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: The Boltsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: The Boltsmentioning

confidence: 96%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Box Containing Carpenter's Accessories from The Akko 1 Shipwreck, Israel: Archaeometallurgical Analysis of Surviving Ironwork

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…From their microscopic examination of a number of iron artefacts recovered at Xiongnu sites in Mongolia, Park et al (2010) found that the use of bloomery iron and steel making through carburization formed the basis of the Xiongnu iron industry. This result was unexpected, given scholarly emphasis on relations of political and economic dependency between the Xiongnu Empire (209 BCeAD 155) in Mongolia and the Han Dynasty (206 BCeAD 220) in China (Barfield, 2001;Kradin, 2002), but is in line with the theory viewing Chinese influence as less critical for the Xiongnu development (Honeychurch, 2013(Honeychurch, , 2014.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological tradition of the Mongol Empire as inferred from bloomery and cast iron objects excavated in Karakorum

Park

Reichert

2015

Journal of Archaeological Science

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Geophysical prospection and archaeological excavation of ancient iron smelting sites in the Barun‐Khal valley on the western shore of Lake Baikal (Olkhon region, Siberia)

Kozhevnikov

Kharinskii

Snopkov

2018

Archaeological Prospection

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In 1997, an ancient iron production site, Barun-Khal 2, was discovered in the Barun-Khal valley (Olkhon region, near the west shore of Lake Baikal). This discovery initiated studies of the archaeometallurgical potential of the valley. They included magnetometry, resistivity, self-potential (SP) and radiometric surveys, archaeological excavation, analysis of chemical composition and magnetism of slag and other residuals, and radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples. As expected, the most efficient was the magnetometric survey. Despite challenging field conditions such as geology-related magnetic anomalies of large amplitude and contrast, the magnetometer survey in the Barun-Khal valley resulted in the discovery of another iron production site, Barun-Khal 3. Using the magnetometry, the general structure of the sites was studied and the places of excavation were determined. The resistivity, SP and radiometric techniques, as well as magnetic survey were useful in studying near-surface geology and recent geological history. Excavations have found well-preserved slag-tapping bloomery furnaces built into the sides of a large pit (Barun-Khal 2) or a trench (Barun-Khal 3). According to radiocarbon dating, iron production began here within the second and third centuries BC and lasted until the seventh to the eleventh centuries AD. The significance of the works in the Barun-Khal valley is determined by the fact that there exist significant gaps in the coverage of Russia (including Siberia) with archaeometallurgical studies. Most available papers on the archaeometallurgical activity in Siberia were not published in English until now. For the first time, the study of ancient iron production sites in the Olkhon region was considered as an independent scientific task and carried out using both geophysical and archaeological methods.

show abstract

Technological traditions inferred from iron artefacts of the Xiongnu Empire in Mongolia

Cited by 37 publications

References 2 publications

A Box Containing Carpenter's Accessories from The Akko 1 Shipwreck, Israel: Archaeometallurgical Analysis of Surviving Ironwork

A Box Containing Carpenter's Accessories from The Akko 1 Shipwreck, Israel: Archaeometallurgical Analysis of Surviving Ironwork

Technological tradition of the Mongol Empire as inferred from bloomery and cast iron objects excavated in Karakorum

Geophysical prospection and archaeological excavation of ancient iron smelting sites in the Barun‐Khal valley on the western shore of Lake Baikal (Olkhon region, Siberia)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About