Technological solutions for long-term storage of partially used nuclear waste: A critical review

Kurniawan, Tonni Agustiono; Othman, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan; Singh, Deepak; Avtar, Ram; Goh, Hui Hwang; Setiadi, Tjandra; Lo, Wai‐Hung

doi:10.1016/j.anucene.2021.108736

Cited by 89 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…Digital technologies could be integrated in local waste management systems, after being improved to secure an efficient market. Digitalization not only addresses the impacts of global change caused by non-organic waste, but also establishes a post-COVID-19 world with the characteristics of being resilient, sustainable, safe, and equitable by mi-tigating the economic shocks due to the pandemic [60].…”

Section: The Way Forward For Digitalization To Promote a Ce In The Wa...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation of Solid Waste Management in China: Moving towards Sustainability through Digitalization-Based Circular Economy

et al. 2022

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In China, environmental pollution due to municipal solid waste (MSW) over-generation is one of the country’s priority concerns. The increasing volume and complexity of the waste poses serious risks to the environment and public health. Currently, the annual growth of MSW generation is estimated to be approximately 8–10% and will increase to 323 million metric tons (Mt) by 2030. Based on the secondary data collected from a literature survey, this article critically evaluates the recent progress of MSW management (MSWM) in China and offers new insights into the waste sector in the era of Industry 4.0. This helps decision makers in China to plan a smooth transition nationwide to a circular economy (CE) in the waste sector. It is evident that digitalization is a driving force for China to move towards low-carbon development strategies within the framework of CE. Through digitalization, the waste sector has promoted prevention, reduction, reuse, and recycling (3Rs) of waste before waste disposal in landfills. A proper implementation of digitalization-based waste recycling has contributed to an efficient cooperation between the government and private sector, increased job opportunities, and promoted the conservation of resources. It is anticipated that this work not only contributes to the establishment of an integrated MSWM system in China, but also improves local MSWM through digitalization in the framework of a CE.

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Section: The Way Forward For Digitalization To Promote a Ce In The Wa...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation of Solid Waste Management in China: Moving towards Sustainability through Digitalization-Based Circular Economy

et al. 2022

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“…In particular, the content of Th can be up to 0.3 wt% and 20.0 wt% in bastnäsite and monazite, respectively, whereas U is typically found from bastnäsite (0.09 wt%) and xenotime (0.0–5.0 wt%), and sometimes from monazite, in which its content can be as high as 16 wt% [ 22 , 23 ]. Th has been proposed as a valuable alternative to the conventional uranium-based nuclear fuel for future nuclear reactors because it is more abundant than U, and overcomes many problems related to uranium-based nuclear fuel [ 24 , 25 ]. Therefore, the selective separation of actinoids from REs not only secures RE concentrates free of radioactive elements but also aims for the full valorization of RE ore by recovering every element from it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

α-Aminophosphonates, -Phosphinates, and -Phosphine Oxides as Extraction and Precipitation Agents for Rare Earth Metals, Thorium, and Uranium: A Review

Virtanen

Moilanen

2022

Molecules

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α-Aminophosphonates, -phosphinates, and -phosphine oxides are a group of organophosphorus compounds that were investigated as extraction agents for rare earth (RE) metals and actinoids for the first time in the 1960s. However, more systematic investigations of their extraction properties towards REs and actinoids were not started until the 2010s. Indeed, recent studies have shown that these α-amino-functionalized compounds can outperform the commercial organophosphorus extraction agents in RE separations. They have also proven to be very efficient extraction and precipitation agents for recovering Th and U from RE concentrates. These actinoids coexist with REs in some of the commercially important RE-containing minerals. The efficient separation and purification of REs is becoming more and more important every year as these elements have a pivotal role in many existing technologies. If one also considers the facile synthesis of α-amino-functionalized organophosphorus extractants and precipitation agents, it is expected that they will be increasingly utilized in the extraction chemistry of REs and actinoids in the future. This review collates α-aminophosphonates, -phosphinates, and -phosphine oxides that have been utilized in the separation chemistry of REs and actinoids, including their most relevant synthetic routes and molecular properties. Their extraction and precipitation properties towards REs and actinoids are also discussed.

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“…Transmutation, 2 or the use of nuclear reactions induced by neutrons to convert all actinide nuclides (U, Pu, Np, Am, Cm) and long‐lived fission products (LLFP) into non‐radionuclides or short‐lived nuclides, is used after all actinide nuclides and LLFP have been partitioned from high‐level radioactive waste. In today’s standard commercial Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs), transuranics (TRUs) such as Pu, Np, Am and Cm account for most of the radiotoxicity of partially used nuclear fuel (PUNF) 100 years after discharge from a nuclear reactor 3 . As a result, TRUs transmutation can minimize the volume, the radiotoxicity and heat of radioactive nuclear waste throughout the long‐term disposal process and lower the radiotoxicity of PUNF 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To achieve this goal, for ADS, the difference of effective multiplication factor ( k eff ) between the early and late cycles should be increased, 15 and then, to maintain the core power, a larger proton beam value of the accelerator in the late cycles is required, increasing the difficulty of accelerator technology 16 . For a solid fuel critical fast reactor, increasing the transmutation time requires a considerably high initial excess reactivity of the reactor core, posing a challenge to reactor core safety control 3 . In short, the above drawbacks for ADS and fast reactor inevitably limit the potential of TRUs transmutation in the two kinds of nuclear system 17 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In today's standard commercial Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs), transuranics (TRUs) such as Pu, Np, Am and Cm account for most of the radiotoxicity of partially used nuclear fuel (PUNF) 100 years after discharge from a nuclear reactor. 3 As a result, TRUs transmutation can minimize the volume, the radiotoxicity and heat of radioactive nuclear waste throughout the long-term disposal process and lower the radiotoxicity of PUNF. 4 Previous research has shown that if 99.5% Pu and 99% Am in PUNF can be transmuted, the time it takes for radiotoxicity to decay to the reference value will be reduced from 130 000 years to 500 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential of transuranics transmutation in a thorium‐based chloride salt fast reactor

Cui

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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A thorium-based chloride salt fast reactor (TCLFR) for transuranics (TRUs) transmutation is proposed to decrease radioactive nuclear waste. The TCLFR core uses two types of fuel: liquid nuclear fuel with TRUs and thorium being dissolved in chloride and solid transmutation rod with only TRUs fuel. The transmutation capability of TCLFR with a core power of 2500 MWth is investigated utilizing three different reactor core configurations, namely ThCore, GdCore, and TcCore, and compared to the standard Molten Chloride Fast Reactor (MCFR) while maintaining most of the geometric parameters. Important burnup parameters such as transmutation rate (TRE) and transmutation ratio (TRO) are extracted and analyzed. Besides, the neutron spectrum shift and the relevant safety parameters, including power peak factor, temperature coefficient of reactivity (TCR) and effective delayed neutron fraction (β eff ) are all explored. The results demonstrate that all the TCLFR cores can transmute TRUs effectively. TRUs have a high online refueling amount of TRUs in TcCore and GdCore due to their low conversion ratio (CR). The TRE in the TcCore and GdCore is 292.77 kg/GWth/year and 258.31 kg/GWth/year, respectively, which is significantly higher than the TRE in the MCFR, which is 171.21 kg/GWth/year. As a result of the production of U-233 compensates for the consumption of TRUs, the refueling amount of TRUs decreases, and the TRE in the ThCore is only 96.29 kg/GWth/year, which is approximately 44% lower than that in the MCFR.

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Technological solutions for long-term storage of partially used nuclear waste: A critical review

Cited by 89 publications

References 120 publications

Transformation of Solid Waste Management in China: Moving towards Sustainability through Digitalization-Based Circular Economy

Transformation of Solid Waste Management in China: Moving towards Sustainability through Digitalization-Based Circular Economy

α-Aminophosphonates, -Phosphinates, and -Phosphine Oxides as Extraction and Precipitation Agents for Rare Earth Metals, Thorium, and Uranium: A Review

Potential of transuranics transmutation in a thorium‐based chloride salt fast reactor

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