Technological Reliability and Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment in Two Hybrid Constructed Wetlands in the Roztocze National Park (Poland)

Abstract

The paper presents the results of a 3-year study on the technological reliability and the efficiency of typical domestic wastewater treatment in two hybrid constructed wetland systems (CWs) located in the area of the Roztocze National Park (Poland). The studied objects consist of an initial settling tank and a system of two beds of the vertical flow (VF) and horizontal flow (HF) (VF–HF) type with reed and willow. The wastewater flow rate in the constructed wetlands systems (CWs) was 0.4 and 1.0 m3/d, respectively. During the study period (2017–2019) 20 series of analyses were performed and 60 wastewater samples were collected. Based on the obtained results the effects of pollutant removal and the technological reliability were determined, which were specified with the Weibull method. The average efficiency of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 96–99%. Slightly lower effects were obtained in the case of total phosphorus (TP) removal (90–94%), as well as for total suspended solids (TSS) (80–87%) and total nitrogen (TN) (73–86%) removal. The analysed CWs were characterised by 100% technological reliability for BOD5 and COD, as well as a good reliability for TSS and TP (87–100%) but slightly lower for TN removal (35–89%). Hybrid CWs of VF–HF type should be recommended to use in protected areas for wastewater treatment and water resources quality protection.

Long-Term Performance of a Hybrid-Flow Constructed Wetlands System for Urban Wastewater Treatment in Caldera de Tirajana (Santa Lucía, Gran Canaria, Spain)

“…Table 5 shows the mean removal efficiencies (%) that were obtained on the basis of the mean values of the parameters that were measured at each of the sampling points of the study, comparing the water quality of the influent (C influent ) and the effluent (C effluent ) of each of the treatment stages [ 19 ], as follows: % = 100 × (1 − C effluent /C influent ) …”

“…One such system, which has been used over the last 60 years worldwide, is the constructed wetland (CW) wastewater treatment plant. Of these, hybrid constructed wetland systems (HCWS), particularly the vertical-flow–horizontal-flow type, are specifically recommended as they ensure high efficiency in wastewater treatment with a relatively low energy demand [ 19 ].…”

Influence of the Bed Temperature on the Operational Reliability of a Hybrid Constructed Wetland Wastewater Treatment Plant in South-Western Poland—A Case Study

“…Many years of studies of various constructed wetlands in Poland and around the world have demonstrated that systems with several soil-plant beds and different wastewater flow regimes show a higher efficiency of pollutants removal, both organic and biogenic, than single-stage systems [26,27,43,45,46,48,50,51].…”

“…The efficiency and reliability of constructed wetlands are the focus of research conducted by a growing number of scientists around the world. The operation of small constructed wetlands (<2000 PE) has been analyzed both in Poland [21,26,[42][43][44][45][46] and in other countries worldwide [47][48][49][50][51][52].…”

Evaluation of the Richness, Species Diversity, and Biosafety of Saprotrophic Fungal Communities in Constructed Wetlands and Biological Wastewater Ponds

“…Investigations of the effectiveness of neutralization and removal of pollutants in wastewater treatment plants located in areas with no sewer systems are mainly focused on the removal of organic pollutants as well as nitrogen and phosphorus, i.e., factors responsible for water eutrophication and soil contamination [1,3,4,[7][8][9][10][11][12]. Given the fecal load and contamination with intestinal bacteria in domestic wastewater, greater attention has been paid to the characterization and elimination of these microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”