Technological evolution of internal combustion engine vehicle: A patent data analysis

Impact of Internal Combustion Engine on Energy Supplyand its Emission Reduction via Sustainable Fuel Source

“…Internal combustion engines (ICE), which are the primary means of propulsion for cars today, play a significant role in mobility. ICEs currently power 99.8% of all vehicles on the planet, while oil-based liquid fuels account for 95% of all energy transportation 11) . The three primary substitutes are fuel cell electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, and hybrid electric automobiles (FCEVs).…”

“…However, internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) will continue to play a prominent role in society for the foreseeable future. To do this, ICEVs must see constant advancement for at least the next 20 to 30 years remaining in cars 11,16) . Nevertheless, there is an increasing need to enhance this propulsion source in order to decrease CO2 emissions and harmful exhaust components, utilize renewable energy sources, and improve performance and efficiency 11) .…”

“…To do this, ICEVs must see constant advancement for at least the next 20 to 30 years remaining in cars 11,16) . Nevertheless, there is an increasing need to enhance this propulsion source in order to decrease CO2 emissions and harmful exhaust components, utilize renewable energy sources, and improve performance and efficiency 11) . Therefore, in order to enhance sustainability, this work aim in discussing on replacing fuel sources with high emissions with ecofriendly fuel sources and to analyze the full process of CO2 given off by petrol and diesel internal engine vehicle (ICV), gasoline engine and diesel engine vehicle (GE, DE), and battery electric vehicle (BEV).…”

Evaluation of n-butanol as blending component in unmodified heavy-duty diesel engine

“…Technological advances and fuel quality have contributed to increased efficiency and reduced emissions from diesel engines [2], [3]. However, stringent current and future regulations require further substantial reductions in engine tailpipe emissions [83].…”

“…Currently, the transport sector is the second largest consumer of energy in the world [1]; 99.8% of global transport is powered by internal combustion engines (ICEs) and 95% of the transport energy is obtained from liquid fuels derived from petroleum [2]. According to the International Energy Agency [1] and research studies [2], [3], ICEs will continue to be utilized in vehicles for at least the next three decades. Therefore, there is a longstanding need to improve this source of propulsion and find solutions to reduce fossil fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and toxic exhaust components, as well as harness renewable energy resources.…”