Technological aspects of flexible CIGS solar cells and modules

Keßler, Friedrich; Rudmann, D.

doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.04.010

Cited by 301 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Many emerging processing and material options offer benefits ranging from new functionality to higher throughput production. Although details on each layer within the CIGS solar cell cannot be provided in this work due to space limitations, the reader is referred to [4,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] for background on processes and materials and [4,23,24] for background on material choices and solar cell functionality. In Tables 2-4 the emerging and industrial status of the material or processes is labeled to simplify this comparison.…”

Section: Processing Methods and Solar Cell Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TPI includes three hazard groups: human health (HH), water Table 4 P-Type absorber, buffer, and transparent conducting oxide (TCO) manufacturing processing methods [4,[20][21][22][24][25][26].…”

Section: Hazard Assessment Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in the substrate layer, soda lime glass is a rigid material that does not offer the flexibility and applications possible with toxic polyimide (polyimide: GS-Based BM1, TPI: 92.8) [24]. Where solar cell flexibility is essential, the use of such a hazardous material may be warranted.…”

Section: Cigs Manufacturing Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative alternative materials assessment to screen toxicity hazards in the life cycle of CIGS thin film photovoltaics

Eisenberg

Lam

et al. 2013

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Section: Processing Methods and Solar Cell Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hazard Assessment Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative alternative materials assessment to screen toxicity hazards in the life cycle of CIGS thin film photovoltaics

Eisenberg

Lam

et al. 2013

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…), sufficient thermal (T ≥ 400°C) and chemical resistivity (especially against S and Se), and should be suitable for a roll-to-roll deposition, in addition to being cost efficient [18].…”

Section: Contents Lists Available At Sciencedirectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to get rid of the textured surface of foils, polishing or coating a leveling layer is necessary for foil substrate utilization [18]. For this reason, the Ti and Mo foils were chemically etched with diluted HF and HCl, respectively, before the sputtering process.…”

Section: Etching Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 absorber layer on flexible metallic substrates for thin film solar cell applications

et al. 2015

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In this work, Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) absorber layers were fabricated using a two-stage process. Sequentially deposited Cu-Zn-Sn thin film layers on metallic foils were annealed in an Ar + S 2(g) atmosphere. We aimed to investigate the role of flexible titanium and molybdenum foil substrates in the growth mechanism of CZTS thin films. The Raman spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of the sulfurized thin films revealed that, except for the presence of Sn-based secondary phases, nearly pure CZTS thin films were obtained. Additionally, the intense and sharp X-ray diffraction peak from the (112) plane provided evidence of good crystallinity. Electron dispersive spectroscopy analysis indicated sufficient sulfur content but poor Zn atomic weight percentage in the films. Absorption and band-gap energy analyses were carried out to confirm the suitability of CZTS thin films as the absorber layer in solar cell applications. Hall effect measurements showed the p-type semiconductor behavior of the CZTS samples. Moreover, the back contact behavior of these metallic flexible substrates was investigated and compared. We detected formation of cracks in the CZTS layer on the molybdenum foils, which indicates the incompatibility of molybdenum's thermal expansion coefficient with the CZTS structure. We demonstrated the application of the magnetron sputtering technique for the fabrication of CZTS thin films on titanium foils having lightweight, flexible properties and suitable for roll-to-roll manufacturing for high throughput fabrication. Titanium foils are also cost competitive compared to molybdenum foils.

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