Techno-economic framework for cloud infrastructure: a cost study of resource disaggregation

Mahloo, Mozhgan; Soares, Janine; Roozbeh, Amir

doi:10.15439/2017f111

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Accessing/pricing schemes -Access to large-scale HPC infrastructures usually requires submission of proposals to undergo a peer-review process describing computational resources as in [29], [30], [31]. Mahloo et al [32] compare the cost in terms of capital and operational expenditures of a disaggregated architecture and one based on traditional servers. Their framework results show that disaggregation brings high savings in the presence of heterogeneous workloads.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory Demands in Disaggregated HPC: How Accurate Do We Need to Be?

Zacarias

Carpenter

Petrucci

2021

2021 International Workshop on Performance Modeling, Benchmarking and Simulation of High Performance Computer Systems (PMBS)

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Disaggregated memory has recently been proposed as a way to allow flexible and fine-grained allocation of memory capacity, mitigating the mismatch between fixed per-node resource provisioning and the needs of the submitted jobs. By allowing the sharing of memory capacity among cluster nodes, overall HPC system throughput can be improved, due to the reduction of stranded and underutilized resources. A key parameter that is generally expected to be provided by the user at submission time is the job's memory capacity demand. It is unrealistic to expect this number to be precise.This paper makes an important step towards understanding the effect of overestimating the job memory requirements. We analyse the implications on overall system throughput and job response time. We leverage a disaggregated simulation infrastructure implemented on the popular Slurm resource manager. Our results show that even when the cost of a 60% increase in memory demands only increases a single job's user response time by 8%, the aggregate result of everybody doing so can be a 25% reduction in throughput and a 5 times increase in response time. These results show that GB-hours should be explicitly allocated in addition to core-hours.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory Demands in Disaggregated HPC: How Accurate Do We Need to Be?

Zacarias

Carpenter

Petrucci

2021

2021 International Workshop on Performance Modeling, Benchmarking and Simulation of High Performance Computer Systems (PMBS)

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“…SDHI promises to bring new functional and business opportunities by extending the boundary of current SDI. It promises to be a step towards reduced Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) [59,60]. For example, hardware utilization in current DCs is under 50 percent [61].…”

Section: A Why Now? Market Demandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SDHI's TCO related aspects have been thoroughly explored in [60] via a framework to assess the cloud infrastructure's economic efficiency. This work presents a thorough cost comparison of deploying an SDHI architecture versus deploying a server-based SDI architecture in DCs.…”

Section: Business Opportunitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By integrating a cost engine, operators can more agilely micro-plan their operational phases, thus supporting continuous replanning/re-shuffling of infrastructure resources and automatic cost reduction during the DC's lifetime. This approach can help reduce the TCO by enhancing resource utilization by using application-optimized hardware, thereby introducing greater transparency into the costs in the DC (e.g., see [60]).…”

Section: Sdhi Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Software-Defined “Hardware” Infrastructures: A Survey on Enabling Technologies and Open Research Directions

Roozbeh

Soares

Maguire

et al. 2018

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

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“…From a higher perspective, the node is a fixed set of computing resources (e.g., processor, memory, storage) connected to a single motherboard that can only be used by the applications running on the given node [1]. These infrastructures tend to be designed with a fixed memory capacity per node based on the most memory-demanding applications that run in the system in order to deal with occasional peaks of data [2][3][4]. Due to the current node-based constrained architecture, large idle fractions of processing or memory capabilities can not be accessed by other nodes when Input and Ouput (I/O) intensive tasks are running in a given node [5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Job scheduling for disaggregated memory in high performance computing systems

Vieira Zacarias

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(English) In a typical HPC cluster system, a node is the elemental component unit of this architecture. Memory and compute resources are tightly coupled in each node and the rigid boundaries between nodes limits compute and memory resource utilization. The problem is increased by the fact that HPC applications have a widely varying per-node memory footprint due to diverse application characteristics, differing problem sizes, and strong scaling. In fact, 25% to 76% of the system's total memory capacity typically remains idle. Disaggregated memory offers a way to improve memory utilization, as memory becomes a pool that can be dynamically composed to match the needs of the workloads. It enables fine-grained allocation of memory capacity to jobs while maintaining the cost-effectiveness and scalability of a cluster architecture. A key component for the distribution of computing power within the cluster infrastructure is the RJMS or simply resource manager. Its goal is to satisfy users' demands and achieve acceptable performance in the overall system utilization by efficiently matching requests to resources. Even though several researches on RJMS have been carried out to solve problems related to the current state-of-the-art on HPC systems, memory disaggregation is still under development. Therefore, adopting a disaggregated architecture means redesigning the resource manager services. In this thesis we propose an efficient memory disaggregated infrastructure for a cluster resource manager and its evaluation at scale through a structured simulated experimental methodology employing a contention model that models the impact of shared resources in disaggregated scenarios. Sharing common memory devices or interfaces in a disaggregated infrastructure may incur an unsatisfactory loss of performance because concurrent memory access can saturate the resource; we start our study by introducing a systematic methodology to build a contention model. Extensive real-machine experimentation and the results of workloads have shown that our contention model predicts performance degradation with at most an average error of 1.19% and max error of 14.6%. Compared with the state-of-the-art, the relative improvements are almost 24 % on average and 33% for the worst case. In sequence, we argue that it is possible to increase throughput and utilization using memory disaggregated in a resource manager. We show that depending on the level of imbalance between the system and memory demands of scheduled jobs, memory disaggregation enables resource savings of up to 33% compared to the state-of-the-art resource manager. In addition, on average, it can increase the memory utilization by a factor of 1.6, while having almost 90% of CPU utilization. In our study, we also investigate how critical memory demand bounds are for maximising system throughput and minimising job response time. We analyse to what degree the users would have a natural incentive to provide accurate memory bounds. We demonstrate that even when there is a large effect on system throughput (-25%) and response time (5 times higher), there is a very little direct incentive for the users to be accurate in their estimates, with only an 8% increase in response time. We further demonstrate that taking advantage of memory temporal and spatial imbalance among jobs delivers improvements up to 18% in throughput, 38% in throughput per dollar, and up to 69% reduction in job response time (median) when there are imbalanced memory usage and overestimated demands on underprovisioned systems. Overall, we believe our study provides valuable insights on the importance of design space exploration for disaggregated memory HPC systems. We demonstrate that by understanding disruptive architectural changes on future systems and the demands of the workloads, system provisioning can be carefully designed to achieve the best cost-benefit. (Español) En un clúster HPC. un nodo es la unidad elemental de esta arquitectura. Como la memoria y computación están estrechamente acoplados los límites rígidos entre nodos limitan la utilización de los recursos. El problema se agrava debido a que las aplicaciones de HPC tienen requerimientos de memoria muy variables. De hecho, normalmente se deja inactive entre un 25% y un 76% de la capacidad total de memoria del sistema. La memoria desagregada propone una forma de mejorar la utilización de la memoria, ya que la convierte en un conjunto que puede componerse dinámicamente. Permite una asignación de capacidad de memoria de granularidad fina a los trabajos, manteniendo a la vez la rentabilidad y escalabilidad de una arquitectura de clúster. Un componente clave para la distribución de recursos en un clúster es el RJMS o simplemente gestor de recursos. Su objetivo es satisfacer las demandas de los usuarios y lograr un rendimiento aceptable en la utilización general del sistema, mediante una asignación eficiente de los recursos. Aunque se han llevado a cabo varias investigaciones sobre RJMS, la memoria desagregada aun esta en desarrollo. En esta tesis, proponemos una infraestructura eficiente de memoria desagregada para un gestor de recursos de clúster y evaluamos su rendimiento a gran escala mediante una metodología experimental simulada y estructurada que utiliza un modelo de contención que simula el impacto de los recursos compartidos en escenarios desagregados. Compartir interfaces de memoria en una infraestructura desagregada puede generar una pérdida de rendimiento con acceso concurrente a la memoria. Comenzamos nuestro estudio presentando una metodología sistemática para construir un modelo de contención. Experimentación extensiva en máquinas reales y los resultados de las cargas de trabajo han demostrado que nuestro modelo de contención predice una degradación del rendimiento con un error promedio de 1.19% y un error máximo de 14.6%. En comparación con el estado del arte, las mejoras relativas son casi del 24% en promedio y del 33% en el peer de los casos. A continuación, argumentarnos que es posible aumentar el rendimiento y la utilización del clúster utilizando la memoria desagregada en un gestor de recursos. Mostramos que, dependiendo del nivel de desequilibrio entre el sistema y las demandas de memoria de los trabajos, la desagregación de la memoria permite ahorrar recursos de hasta un 33% en comparación con el estado del arte. Además, en promedio, puede aumentar la utilización de la memoria en un factor de 1.6, mientras se utiliza casi el 90% de la CPU. En nuestro estudio, también investigamos cuan crucial son las demandas de memoria para maximizar el rendimiento del sistema y minimizar el tiempo de respuesta de los trabajos. Analizamos en qué medida los usuarios tendrían un incentivo natural para ser precisos. Demostramos que incluso cuando hay un gran impacto en el rendimiento del sistema (-25%} y en el tiempo de respuesta (5 veces mayor}, hay muy poco incentive directo para que los usuarios sean precises en sus estimaciones, con solo un aumento del 8% en el tiempo de respuesta. Además, demostramos que aprovechar el desequilibrio temporal y espacial de la memoria entre los trabajos proporciona mejoras de hasta un 18% en el rendimiento, un 38% en el rendimiento por d61ar y hasta un 69% de reducción en el tiempo de respuesta del trabajo (mediana), cuando existe un uso de memoria desequilibrado y demandas sobreestimadas en sistemas subabastecidos. En general, creemos que nuestro estudio proporciona información valiosa sobre la importancia de la exploración del espacio de diseño para los sistemas HPC con memoria desagregada. Demostramos que al comprender los cambios arquitectónicos disruptivos en los sistemas futuros y las demandas de las cargas de trabajo, la provisión del sistema se puede diseñar cuidadosamente para lograr el mejor costo-beneficio.

show abstract

Techno-economic framework for cloud infrastructure: a cost study of resource disaggregation

Cited by 4 publications

References 12 publications

Memory Demands in Disaggregated HPC: How Accurate Do We Need to Be?

Memory Demands in Disaggregated HPC: How Accurate Do We Need to Be?

Software-Defined “Hardware” Infrastructures: A Survey on Enabling Technologies and Open Research Directions

Job scheduling for disaggregated memory in high performance computing systems

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