Techno-economic feasibility evaluation of a standalone solar-powered alkaline water electrolyzer considering the influence of battery energy storage system: A Korean case study

Mining bitcoins with carbon capture and renewable energy for carbon neutrality across states in the USA

“…is the output PV power, Z PV is the solar panel efficiency, which is considered as the capacity factor for a given location, r s t (W m À2 ) is the incident solar irradiation, and S PV is the panel surface area (m 2 ). The amount of hydrogen produced in an ELE at any given hour (H ELE t ) can be calculated using the relationship shown in eqn (10), 14 where Z ELE represents the efficiency of the ELE, PE ELE t represents the electricity input to the ELE, and LHV H represents the lower heating value of hydrogen.…”

“…Likewise, HPs are governed by eqn (14); the electricity supplied to the HPs is constrained by the number of heat pumps (N HP ) multiplied by the minimum and maximum electricity requirements of a single HP.…”

“…The amount of hydrogen produced in an ELE at any given hour ( H ELE t ) can be calculated using the relationship shown in eqn (10), 14 where η ELE represents the efficiency of the ELE, PE ELE t represents the electricity input to the ELE, and LHV H represents the lower heating value of hydrogen.The electricity provided to the ELEs is constrained by the number of ELEs ( N ELE ) multiplied by the minimum and maximum amount of electricity provided to a single ELE, as shown in eqn (11): N ELE ·PE ELE MIN ≤ PE ELE t ≤ N ELE ·PE ELE MAX Similarly, in the governing equation of the FCs [eqn (12)], PE FC t represents the electrical power output by the FC, H FC t represents the hydrogen supplied to the FC, and η FC represents the fuel cell efficiency. The electricity output by the FC is constrained by the number of fuel cells ( N FC ) multiplied by the minimum and maximum electricity outputs of a single FC, as shown in eqn (13).PE FC t = H FC t · η FC ·LHV H N FC ·PE FC MIN ≤ PE FC t ≤ N FC ·PE FC MAX Likewise, HPs are governed by eqn (14); the electricity supplied to the HPs is constrained by the number of heat pumps ( N HP ) multiplied by the minimum and maximum electricity requirements of a single HP. N HP ·PE HP MIN ≤ PE HP t ≤ N HP ·PE HP MAX The equations governing the BESS and HTANKs operate similarly.…”

“…However, their fluctuating nature makes them a less reliable resource unless coupled with energy storage options such as battery energy storage systems (BESS) or energy in the form of hydrogen. 14 It is largely unknown whether investing in renewable infrastructure would be a plausible solution, considering the fluctuating bitcoin price and the intermittent nature of renewable energy. Relevant literature on economic and environmental assessments of using grid and renewable electricity for bitcoin farming is relatively scarce, making it hard for investors and policymakers to develop relevant solutions.…”

High performance of the flow-type one-compartment hydrogen peroxide fuel cell using buckypaper and narrow fuel pathway under physiological conditions

“…Due to the growing concerns about the climate crisis and increasing greenhouse gas emissions, scientists worldwide are developing environmentally clean energy sources, including solar, wind, and hydrogen energies. 1–7 Among diverse options of renewable energy sources, solar energy has been recognized as the most feasible alternative of conventional fossil fuel-based energy systems due to its abundant supply and comparatively low geographic limitation compared with the other clean sources, such as hydropower, ocean, and wind energy. 2,8 Despite these various advantages of solar energy, the intermittent power generation and resulting need for an electrical energy storage system have become essential hurdles to expand its use.…”