Techno-economic analysis of two bio-oil upgrading pathways

Hydro-liquefaction of sawdust and its three components in supercritical ethanol with [BMIM]Cl/NiCl 2 catalyst

“…The temperature and hydrogen pressure have an influence on the product distributions of sawdust and three components. 4. The dominant compositions of bio-oil highly depended on the biomass components.…”

“…Recently, many thermo-chemical techniques, including pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction [4,5], were utilized to convert lignocellulose into liquid fuels. Especially, direct liquefaction is a promising method to produce biofuels [6].…”

Pyrolytic production of phenolic compounds from the lignin residues of bioethanol processes

“…Pyrolysis, one of promising thermochemical conversion technologies, can play a vital role in transforming the lignin residues of the bioethanol processes into value-added products [17]. In the absence of oxygen, pyrolysis reaction breaks down the large lignin compounds into condensable lower-molecular-weight compounds, including monolignols, monophenols, and other poly-substituted phenols [2,16].…”

Upgrading of bio-oil to boiler fuel by catalytic hydrotreatment and esterification in an efficient process

“…The high oxygen content causes many deleterious properties, such as high viscosity, corrosion, low heating value, immiscibility with conventional fossil fuels, poor stability [3,4], which inhibit its application in engine fuels.…”