Techno‐economic analysis of the valorization of brewers spent grains: production of xylitol and xylo‐oligosaccharides

Swart, Lukas J.; Petersen, Abdul M.; Bedzo, Oscar K. K.; Görgens, Johann F.

doi:10.1002/jctb.6683

Cited by 20 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 132 publications

(333 reference statements)

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“…As an economic index, the MSP for 2-GG was calculated. 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 In the literature, no accurate selling price for 2-GG was found. According to the literature, the price for high-value products (e.g., pharmaceuticals and cosmetics) is in the range of 100 to 1000 US$ kg –1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maintenance was 3% of TEC and TDC, insurance was 1% of FCI, and overhead costs were 5% of OC. 26 , 27 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To assess the profitability of the process, the process costs (i.e., TCI and OC) and the process revenues were compared with each other in a discounted cash flow assessment (DCFA). 26 It was assumed that OC and revenues increase by 2% each year. The equations and parameters used for the DCFA can be found in the Supporting Information (Table S4).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The minimum selling price (MSP) was calculated for a net present value of zero to assess the profitability of the process. 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 A sensitivity analysis was performed to examine if process and economic fluctuations affect the profitability of the process. 26 , 27 , 29 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 A sensitivity analysis was performed to examine if process and economic fluctuations affect the profitability of the process. 26 , 27 , 29 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biocatalytic Production of 2-α-d-Glucosyl-glycerol for Functional Ingredient Use: Integrated Process Design and Techno-Economic Assessment

Kruschitz

Nidetzky

2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Advanced biomanufacturing builds on production processes that are both profitable and sustainable. Integrated design of process unit operations, geared to output efficiency and waste minimization and guided by a rigorous techno-economic assessment, is essential for development aligned to these central aims. Here, we demonstrate such a development for the biocatalytic production of the biological extremolyte 2- O -α- d -glucosyl-glycerol (2-GG) for functional ingredient application. The process was aligned in scale over all steps (∼180 g product; ∼2.5 L reaction mixture) and involved continuous enzymatic synthesis from sucrose and glycerol interlinked with reactive extraction and nanofiltration for product isolation (purity of ∼80 wt %) and side stream recovery. Glycerol used in ∼6-fold excess over sucrose was recycled, and hydrothermal conversion into 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural was evaluated for the fructose by-product released from sucrose. Based on a process mass intensity (total mass input/mass product) of 146, ∼80% of the total mass input was utilized and an E -factor (mass waste/mass product) of 28 was obtained. EcoScale analysis revealed a penalty point score of 44, suggesting an acceptable process from a sustainability point of view. Process simulation for an annual production of 10 tons 2-GG was used for the techno-economic assessment with discounted cash flow analysis. The calculated operating costs involved 35 and 47% contributions from materials and labor, respectively. About 91% of the material costs were due to chemicals for the reactive extraction-acidic stripping step, emphasizing the importance of material reuse at this step. Glycerol recycling involved a trade-off between waste reduction and energy use for the removal of water. Collectively, the study identifies options and boundaries of a profitable 2-GG process. The minimum selling price for 2-GG was calculated as ∼240 € kg –1 or smaller. The framework of the methodology presented can be generally important in applied bio-catalysis: it facilitates closing of the gap between process design and implementation for accelerated development.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maintenance was 3% of TEC and TDC, insurance was 1% of FCI, and overhead costs were 5% of OC. 26 , 27 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 A sensitivity analysis was performed to examine if process and economic fluctuations affect the profitability of the process. 26 , 27 , 29 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Biocatalytic Production of 2-α-d-Glucosyl-glycerol for Functional Ingredient Use: Integrated Process Design and Techno-Economic Assessment

Kruschitz

Nidetzky

2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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A bibliometric analysis on potential uses of brewer's spent grains in a biorefinery for the circular economy transition of the beer industry

Ampese

Mussatto²,

Forster‐Carneiro

2021

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the state of the art related to research trends regarding the use of brewer's spent grains (BSG), the main solid by-product generated in breweries. Its status, future opportunities, and emerging trends were evaluated by bibliometric analysis, which contributed to clarifying the knowledge and perspectives in the field. In total, 510 documents were obtained from the Web of Science© database in a timespan from 1900 to 2020. VosViewer software and R-bibliometrix package were used to investigate and map the most frequently cited papers, international collaborative networks, keywords, and the main countries and journals associated with this research. The results showed that, globally, 65 countries have been engaged in research related to BSG, and Brazil has been the most productive country, with up to 70 publications. Keyword analysis revealed that the studies on BSG are divided into four main knowledge areas: (i) pretreatment; (ii) nutritional quality; (iii) bioactive compounds, and (iv) pyrolysis. It was also found that a biorefinery can be designed for the complete utilization of BSG to obtain several valuable compounds. In this sense, different technological routes can be applied to produce arabinoxylans, proteins, ferulic acid, xylitol, xylose, lactic acid, butanol, biogas, fertilizer, and ethanol. In conclusion, BSG is a cost-effective and feasible raw material for the sustainable production of bio-based products and bioenergy and its valorization in a biorefinery is a powerful strategy to promote the circular economy transition of the beer industry.

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Sugarcane bagasse valorization to xylitol: Techno‐economic and life cycle assessment

Shaji

Shastri

Kumar

et al. 2022

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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A detailed techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA) of a novel bio-refinery that produces xylitol from sugarcane bagasse are provided. The proposed process includes dilute acid pretreatment in pressurized conditions followed by fermentation (upstream section). The fermentation broth is then sent for separation and purification to the downstream section. Calculations are performed for a plant with 4 t/h of dry bagasse throughput. With a fermentation yield of 0.54 g xylitol per g of xylose, the plant produced 437.4 kg/h of xylitol. Upstream data are adapted from experimental studies, while ASPEN PLUS ® flowsheet simulation is used to obtain data for the downstream section. The xylitol production facility is assumed to be annexed to an existing sugar mill in India. The total utility requirement in the process is reduced using heat integration strategies. Cradle-to-gate scope is considered for the LCA and 1 kg of xylitol is taken as the functional unit. The product cost of xylitol is calculated to be 230 INR/kg (US$3.17/kg). For a 4 year payback period, the selling price of xylitol must be 450 INR/kg (US$6.2/ kg). The fermentation and pretreatment sections are the major components of the product cost. The LCA results show that the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions are 2.759 kg CO 2 eq. per kg xylitol. The electricity requirement within the plant is identified as the major source of greenhouse gas emissions, and reduction of fermentation duration is identified as a key factor. The results identify opportunities to improve the process from an economic as well as an environmental standpoint.

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Techno‐economic analysis of the valorization of brewers spent grains: production of xylitol and xylo‐oligosaccharides

Cited by 20 publications

References 132 publications

Biocatalytic Production of 2-α-d-Glucosyl-glycerol for Functional Ingredient Use: Integrated Process Design and Techno-Economic Assessment

Biocatalytic Production of 2-α-d-Glucosyl-glycerol for Functional Ingredient Use: Integrated Process Design and Techno-Economic Assessment

A bibliometric analysis on potential uses of brewer's spent grains in a biorefinery for the circular economy transition of the beer industry

Sugarcane bagasse valorization to xylitol: Techno‐economic and life cycle assessment

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