Techno-economic analysis of an integrated biorefinery to convert poplar into jet fuel, xylitol, and formic acid

Abstract

Background The overall goal of the present study is to investigate the economics of an integrated biorefinery converting hybrid poplar into jet fuel, xylitol, and formic acid. The process employs a combination of integrated biological, thermochemical, and electrochemical conversion pathways to convert the carbohydrates in poplar into jet fuel, xylitol, and formic acid production. The C5-sugars are converted into xylitol via hydrogenation. The C6-sugars are converted into jet fuel via fermentation into ethanol, followed by dehydration, oligomerization, and hydrogenation into jet fuel. CO2 produced during fermentation is converted into formic acid via electrolysis, thus, avoiding emissions and improving the process’s overall carbon conversion. Results Three different biorefinery scales are considered: small, intermediate, and large, assuming feedstock supplies of 150, 250, and 760 dry ktonne of poplar/year, respectively. For the intermediate-scale biorefinery, a minimum jet fuel selling price of $3.13/gallon was obtained at a discount rate of 15%. In a favorable scenario where the xylitol price is 25% higher than its current market value, a jet fuel selling price of $0.64/gallon was obtained. Co-locating the biorefinery with a power plant reduces the jet fuel selling price from $3.13 to $1.03 per gallon. Conclusion A unique integrated biorefinery to produce jet fuel was successfully modeled. Analysis of the biorefinery scales shows that the minimum jet fuel selling price for profitability decreases with increasing biorefinery scale, and for all scales, the biorefinery presents favorable economics, leading to a minimum jet fuel selling price lower than the current price for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). The amount of xylitol and formic produced in a large-scale facility corresponds to 43% and 25%, respectively, of the global market volume of these products. These volumes will saturate the markets, making them infeasible scenarios. In contrast, the small and intermediate-scale biorefineries have product volumes that would not saturate current markets, does not present a feedstock availability problem, and produce jet fuel at a favorable price given the current SAF policy support. It is shown that the price of co-products greatly influences the minimum selling price of jet fuel, and co-location can further reduce the price of jet fuel.

Fungal‐Based Biorefinery: From Renewable Resources to Organic Acids

“…This step contributes to an efficient transportation and storage operation [277,280]. To overcome the challenges in the whole supply chain, the development of an integrated and centralized biorefinery facility represents a successful strategy [277,[282][283][284]. This strategy is expected to reduce the costs related to the logistics and, consequently, the total production costs of a biorefinery [277,284,285].…”

Brownfields, Environmental Stability and Renewable Energy: Pathways to Overcome the Imperfection of Cumulative Effect Assessment

“…For brownfields contaminated with heavy metals, it is advisable to combine methods of phytoremediation (using higher plants to remove heavy mobile metals by the root system of plants) and bioenergy (after restoration of lands, use biomass as a renewable energy source) [92], for example, poplars [93], which, after phytoremediation, can be used to produce biodiesel for jet engines [94], including thermochemical methods of processing biomass into electricity [95,96]. The energy efficiency of the brownfield phytoremediation also has a multiplicative effect, which consists of reducing urban (anthropogenic) heat and sequestration of CO 2 [97].…”